Injectable dendrimer hydrogel nanoparticles

ABSTRACT

Injectable hydrogels in the form of crosslinked nano beads or particle in the size range 5 nm to 10 μm, comprising PAMAM dendrimer with asymmetrical peripheral end groups such that one of the terminal groups is involved in formation of hydrogel and the other in involved in the conjugation of drugs or imaging agents are formed by reaction of the PAMAM dendrimer with asymmetrical end groups with linear, branched, hyperbranched or star shaped polymers with functionalized terminal groups. The PAMAM dendrimer with asymmetrical terminal groups consists of a Generation 2 and above PAMAM dendrimer with symmetrical end groups modified using the amino acids or their modified forms. The gel is formed as small crosslinked particles in the size range 25 nm to 10 μm and is suitable for injectable delivery of hydrogel or ocular delivery for the purpose of therapeutic treatment and imaging.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation application of U.S. Ser. No.13/636,715, filed Nov. 30, 2012, which is an International ApplicationNo. PCT/2011/030648, filed Mar. 31, 2011, which claims priority andbenefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/319,289, filed on Mar.31, 2010, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein byreference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

Generally, the present invention relates to the field of therapeuticagents. More specifically, the present invention relates to a hydrogelscontaining therapeutic agents.

2. Description of the Related Art

Dendrimers are a class of well-defined nanostructured macromoleculeswith narrow polydispersity, and a multivalent surface amenable forfurther modifications. Dendrimers are extensively and continuallyinvestigated for biomedical applications such as gene therapy, drugdelivery and bioimaging purposes. As nanocarriers, dendrimers have theversatility to allow conjugation, complexation, and/or encapsulation ofmultifunctional moieties. The functional groups on the periphery ofdendrimer act as highly accessible handles for drug or other functionalgroup attachments. Since the functionalities of the drugs and ligandsare diverse, there is a need to explore multiple functional grouppresentations at the dendrimer surface. Adding diverse functionalmoieties (drugs or imaging agents) onto a single dendrimer is difficultbecause all the peripheral groups of the symmetric dendrimer have thesame reactivity. A suitable linker or spacer is required to react withthe surface functionality of dendrimer, which offers the flexibility tolink multiple moieties-such as drugs, imaging or targeting agents.

Functionalization of dendrimers has enabled several end objectives likereduction in cytotoxicity, targeted drug delivery, formation ofhydrogels, increase plasma residence time, imaging, in-vivobiodegradation, or potentially any combination of these. For example,modification of G4 dendrimers with 19, 29, 46 molecules of phenylalanineresulted in improved gene transfection ability, while modification with64 molecules of phenylalanine resulted in poorly soluble compounds withloss in DNA complexing ability. Widespread use of cationic dendrimers indrug and gene delivery is hindered by their cytotoxicity. PEGylation andacetylation are highly successful approaches in overcoming thecytotoxicity of amine terminated dendrimers but the higher degree ofamine neutralization compromises its gene slicing efficiency. Thedendrimer surface modification should therefore be such that several endobjectives are met without compromising on any attributes and yet havingchemically reactive groups suitable for modifications to attach drug ortargeting moieties. There is a need to develop new methodologies forsynthesis of functionalized dendrimers that involve fewer reactionsteps, achieve high yields, are compatible with a variety of functionalgroups, and occur under mild reaction conditions offering clean andefficient synthesis.

To make dendrimers as efficient delivery vectors, apart frommultivalency there is a need to have unique orthogonal end groups forchemoselective surface modifications and multi-functionalization. Thereare studies described in the literature for development ofhetero-bifunctional dendrimers. However, the research into developmentof such dendrimers for biomedical applications is not extensive. Thedendrimer synthesis requires elaborate steps, and is expensive, therebylimiting the commercial availability to PAMAM, DAB, Phosphorous PMMH and2,2-bis(methylol)propionic acid (bis-MPA) dendrimers. There have beenfew reports on the synthesis of dendrimers bearing different asymmetricgroups at the periphery. It is reported that to obtain a total of 32(16+16) and 48 (24+24) reactive groups on the generation 4 dendrimerseveral sequential steps were required. Previously, melamine dendrimerswith orthogonal reactive groups on surface comprising 4 hydroxyl groups,4 hydroxyl groups masked as tert-butyldiphenylsilyl ether and 16tert-Butoxycarbonyl protected amines was synthesized in eight totalsteps with a 55% overall yield. An efficient method to synthesizedendrimers with orthogonal peripheral groups is to grow a symmetricdendrimer in bulk and then tune its periphery for the desiredapplication. However, this process requires that the subsequentdifferentiation and coupling steps be minimal in number and efficient inreactivity.

Functionalization of the peripheral groups of dendrimers is an extremelyfruitful and convenient strategy for developing novel functionalmaterials for biomedical applications and ways to simplify the synthesistowards achieving would be beneficial. For the application of dendrimersin drug delivery and biomedical area there is a need to develop thesescaffolds with biocompatible (or generally recognized as safe materialsby US FDA) materials such that their metabolites are non-toxic. Sincedendrimers offer multivalency, one of the advantages is to use thefunctional handles to append diverse functional groups such as differentdrug molecules and imaging agents. However, these functional groups beardifferent reactive groups and to append these on dendrimers there is aneed to undergo several synthetic steps for attachment of specificlinkers or spacer molecule. Hence there is a need to have a dendrimerwith biocompatible orthogonal groups that facilitate chemoselectiveattachment of these functional groups in minimal synthetic steps.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to the present invention there is provided a biocompatiblenanosized hydrogel particles suitable for injectable delivery oftherapeutic agents for treatment of diseases or disease states and alsofor bioimaging purposes. These nanoparticles, including crosslinkedhydrogels of the modified asymmetric PAMAM dendrimers and otherpolymers, are biodegradable and release the therapeutic agent over anextended period of time. The release of the therapeutic agent occurs bydual mechanism, the first mechanism of release involves the degradationof the linking bond to release free therapeutic agent while the secondmechanism involves the diffusion of free therapeutic agent from the gelnetwork thus providing a sustained release pattern. The biodistributionof the nanosized hydrogel can be optimized based on the modulation ofthe size of the particle. The nanosized hydrogels disclosed in thepresent invention are useful for selectively treating theneuroinflammation, inflammation, and targeted delivery of drugsintra-ocularly by injecting the particles into the eye and confiningtheir residence into the organ of interest such as vitreous chamber.

These and other objects, advantages, and features of the invention willbe more fully understood and appreciated by reference to the descriptionof the current embodiment and the drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Other advantages of the present invention will be readily appreciated asthe same becomes better understood by reference to the followingdetailed description when considered in connection with the accompanyingdrawings wherein:

FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of bifunctional dendrimer and itspost-functionalization in immediate succession.

FIGS. 2 A-C show ¹H NMR (FIG. 2A), MALDI TOF/MS spectrum (FIG. 2B) andHPLC chromatogram (FIG. 2C) for G4-PAMAM-NH—CO-Ser(OH)—NHBoc (Compound3)

FIGS. 3 A-C show ¹H NMR (FIG. 3A), MALDI TOF/MS spectrum (FIG. 3B) andHPLC chromatogram (FIG. 3C) for G4-PAMAM-NH—CO-Ser(OH)—NH₂ (Compound 4).

FIGS. 4 A-D show the MALDI TOF/MS spectra for G4-PAMAM-O-Asp(COOH)—NHBoc(Compound 16; FIG. 4A) showing mass of 25.7 kDa. On deprotection of Bocgroups G4-PAMAM-O-Asp(COOH)—NH₂ (Compound 17; FIG. 4B) dendrimer showeda mass of 18.9 kDa. The conjugation of dexamethasone to (Compound 16)decreases after Boc deprotection the mass to 21.9 kDa (Compound 20; FIG.4C). Further the attachment of indomethacin on (Compound 20) increasesthe mass to 30.1 kDa on formation of G4-PAMAM-O-Asp(CO-Dex)-NH-Ind(Compound 22; FIG. 4D).

FIGS. 5 A-C show the ¹H NMR spectra for G4-PAMAM-O-Asp(COOH)—NHBoc(Compound 16; FIG. 5A), after deprotection of tert-Butoxycarbonyl groupsG4-PAMAM-O-Asp(COOH)—NH₂ (Compound 17; FIG. 5B), the conjugation ofdexamethasone to give G4-PAMAM-O-Asp(CO-Dex)-NH₂ (Compound 20; FIG. 5C)and further the attachment of indomethacin G4-PAMAM-O-Asp(CO-Dex)-NH-Ind(Compound 22; FIG. 5C).

FIGS. 6 A-E show the HPLC chromatograms absorbance at 210 nm (arbitraryAU units) for G4-PAMAM-Asp-(COOH)—NHBoc and its postfunctionalizationproducts; (FIG. 6A) G4-PAMAM-Asp-(COOH)—NHBoc showing retention time16.5 minutes, (FIG. 6B) G4-PAMAM-Asp-(COOH)—NHBoc spiked withdexamethasone, the dexamethasone appears at 22.8 minutes, (FIG. 6C)G4-PAMAM-Asp-(CO-Dex)-NH₂ showing retention time 20.5 minutes, (FIG. 6D)G4-PAMAM-Asp-(CO-Dex)-NH-Ind spiked with indomethacin, the unconjugatedindomethacin appears at 25.8 minutes, (FIG. 6E)G4-PAMAM-Asp-(CO-Dex)-NH-Ind appears at 22.7 minutes.

FIGS. 7A-D show the in-situ gel formation by crosslinking ofG4-PAMAM-Asp-(CO-Dex)-NH₂ (Compound 20) with N-hydroxy-succinimideterminated PEG (PEG-NHS) (Compound 25) (FIG. 7A before crosslinking andFIG. 7B after crosslinking). The gel “13’ formed by reaction of ‘NH₂’groups of G4-PAMAM-Asp-(COO-Dex)-NH₂ (Compound 20) with PEG-NHS(Compound 25) is colorless, 10, while the ‘COOH’ groups are used forconjugating dexamethasone by ester linkage. The hydrogel “12” physicallyentraps blue dextran, while the hydrogel “13” formed by linking FITC tofew NH₂ groups of G4-PAMAM-Asp (CO-Dex)-NH₂ (Compound 20) while theremaining NH₂ groups crosslink by formation of amide bond on reactionwith PEG-NHS. The SEM image shows the gel network (in 200 μm) for theDexamethasone conjugated (FIG. 7C) and FITC conjugated (FIG. 7D)dendrimer G4-PAMAM-Asp-(CO-Dex)-NH₂ crosslinked with PEG-NHS.

FIG. 8 shows the in vitro hemolytic activity of new hetero-bifunctionaldendrimers.

FIG. 9 shows the in vitro cytotoxicity of new bifunctional dendrimer inA549 cell.

FIGS. 10A-10B is a DSC thermogram of G4-NH-PDP that shows the T_(g) at21.4° C. (FIG. 10A) and an endotherm at 109.6° C. (FIG. 10B). Theincrease in T_(g) to 21.4° C. from −28° C. is indicative of the additionof PDP groups on to the dendrimer.

FIGS. 11A (before crosslinking) and 11B (after crosslinking) show thein-situ forming hydrogel by crosslinking of G4-NH-PDP with 8-arm-PEG-SH.The gel formed by reaction of ‘PDP’ groups of G4-NH-PDP (5) with8-arm-PEG-SH. The hydrogel (21) physically entrapping blue dextran isseen in (22). The third gel is comparable to FIG. 7C.

FIGS. 12A-C show the SEM images of dendrimer G4-NH-PDP crosslinked with8-PEG-SH gel. These gels were dehydrated by lyophilization. 200 μm (FIG.12A), 50 μm (FIG. 12B), 20 μm (FIG. 12C).

FIGS. 13A-C show hydrogel labeled with FITC to demonstrate the porestructure of the gel. By introducing the different concentration ofpolymer in the hydrogels, crosslinking density gradually increased byincreasing the concentration of polymer. 3% hydrogel (FIG. 13A), 6%hydrogel (FIG. 13B), 10% hydrogel (FIG. 13C) shows the cross linkingnet[[ ]]work changes on increasing polymer concentration, scale barrepresents 50 μm.

FIGS. 14A and 14B show the DSC thermograms for the 3, 6 and 10%dendrimer-PEG hydrogels. FIG. 14A shows hydrogels without formulationadditives (absence of glycerin, PVP and PEG600), The 8-arm PEG-SH (e)shows an endotherm at 51.7° C., which is lowered on crosslinking withG4-NH-PDP as seen in curves (b), (c) and (d) for 3, 6 and 10% hydrogelsrespectively. FIG. 14B shows hydrogels with formulation additives(glycerin, PVP and PEG 600). In addition to the endotherms correspondingto 8armPEG-SH (37.9 to 38.9° C.) in hydrogels, an endotherm for PEG 600is seen between 15.6 to 14.3° C.

FIGS. 15A and 15B shows the dendrimer-PEG hydrogels exposed to the GSHsolutions at pH 4.0 are stable upto 72 hours. FIG. 15A shows the intactgel after 72 hours of treatment with GSH solution at pH 4. FIG. 15Bshows the gel in simulated vaginal fluid with GSH.

FIG. 16A shows the cumulative amount of amoxicillin released withrespect to time (h) across per cm² area for 3, 6 and 10% hydrogels andFIG. 16B shows cumulative amount of amoxicillin released with respect totime. The release mechanism was found to be non-fickian for 3 and 6%hydrogels while for 10% hydrogels it approached fickian diffusion.

FIGS. 17A-D show intravaginal and intracervical application of in-situforming Dendrimer-PEG hydrogels in the pregnant guinea pigs. The arrowsmark the presence of hydrogel on the tissue (FIG. 17A) day 1: hydrogelafter 5 h of application, (FIG. 17B) day 1: hydrogel after 12 h ofapplication (FIG. 17C) day 2: after hydrogel application (FIG. 17D) day3: after hydrogel application, where ‘C’=cervix, V=vaginal cavity,U=uterus with pups. The hydrogel is retained in the cervix and vaginalcavity for 2 days and on day 3 it's seen largely in the vaginal cavityof pregnant guinea pigs.

FIGS. 18A-C show the Dendrimer-PEG hydrogels after intravaginal andintracervical application in pregnant guinea pigs do not cross the fetalmembrane and enter into the gestational (sac) cavity. (FIG. 18A) day 3:hydrogel seen on the fetal membrane of the pup positioned close to thecervix, the green arrows mark the presence of fetal membrane on the pup,the black arrows show the presence of gel outside of the fetal membrane(FIG. 18B) the pup covered in fetal membrane with hydrogel on top of thefetal membrane (FIG. 18C) the pup after removal of the fetal membraneshowing no signs of hydrogel on the fur or inside the fetal membrane.

FIGS. 19A-I show the hemotoxylin and eosin stained histological sectionsof uterus (U), upper cervix (Ucx) and cervix (Cx) of guinea pig treatedwith the hydrogels for 24 hours and 72 hours (n=3 per group). Theepithelial cell lining in all the tissues is intact and does not showany signs of inflammation and edema. The submucosa of hydrogel treatedcervix after 24 and 72 hours is comparable to the control. None of thetissues showed any signs of epithelial sloughing, necrosis in thesubmucosa or massive infiltration of inflammatory cells. EP=epithelialcells, SE=subepithelium, SM=submucosa, M=muscular layer EGC=endometrialgland cells, FIG. 19A shows UC=uterus control, FIG. 19B shows U24 andFIG. 19C shows 72 hours=hydrogel treated uterus 24 and 74 hours, FIG.19D shows UCxC=control upper cervix, FIG. 19E shows UCx24 and FIG. 19Fshows 72 hours=hydrogel treated upper cervix 24 and 74 hours, FIG. 19Gshows Cx-C=cervix control, FIG. 19H shows Cx24 and FIG. 19I shows 72hours=hydrogel treated cervix 24 and 74 hours (40× magnification)

FIGS. 20A-F show the confocal images of the cervical region of pregnantguinea pigs treated with hydrogels for 24 (FIGS. 20A and 20D) and 72hours (FIGS. 20B, 20C, 20E and 20F). The in-situ forming hydrogelcomprising FITC-G4-NH-PDP crosslinked with 8-arm PEG-SH was applied tothe cervicovaginal region. The hydrogel is seen on the surface of themucosal layer (red color). The confocal images after 24 and 72 hoursconfirm the presence of the gel on the tissue surface. The nuclei forall cells are stained blue with DAPI. There is no sign of the degradedgel into the subepithelial or submucosal layers. EP=epithelial layer,SE=subepithelial layer, ML=mucified epithelial layer (FIGS. 20C (cervix)and 20F (upper cervix)).

FIGS. 21A and 21B show the confocal images of the fetal membrane anduterus of guinea pigs treated with hydrogels for 72 hours. The in-situforming hydrogel comprising FITC-G4-NH-PDP crosslinked with 8-arm PEG-SHwas applied to the cervicovaginal region. The cross section of theuterus (FIG. 21B) and the fetal membrane (FIG. 21A) do not show presenceof hydrogel or degraded hydrogel across the tissue.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Generally, the present invention provides biocompatible, injectable,nanosized hydrogels. The size of the nanohydrogels can be controlled andoptimized for the targeted delivery to the organs of interest.

Generation 4-PAMAM dendrimers bear approximately 64 symmetrical endgroups, often requiring different spacers to conjugate variousfunctional groups, increasing the synthetic steps. In the presentinvention, a simple one step synthesis is used to convert thesymmetrical end groups of generation 4 polyamidoamine (G4-PAMAM)dendrimers into two reactive, distinct orthogonal and chemoselectivegroups. A near complete end capping of the dendrimers (87-91%) withamino acids results in hetero-bifunctional G4-PAMAM dendrimers bearingvery high (>110) diverse peripheral end groups (OH+NHBoc, OH+COOMe,SH+NHBoc and COOH+NHBoc). The hetero-bifunctional groups at thedendrimer periphery can be chemoselectively conjugated to multiplefunctional groups such as drugs (indomethacin and dexamethasone) and/orimaging agents (dexamethasone and fluorescein isothiocynate). Theseconjugations can be achieved in immediate succession without requiringany protection and/or deprotection steps or functional groupconversions, eliminating the additional elaborate synthetic stepstraditionally required to append specific linkers. Further, one of thetwo functional handles at the periphery can be used to develop in-situforming hydrogels, while the other handle could be used for conjugatingthe drugs (eg dexamethasone).

More specifically, the present invention discloses a sustained drugreleasing hydrogel wherein the drug is covalently attached to the gelonly at one functional terminal of the PAMAM dendrimer while the otherterminal of the PAMAM dendrimer is used for gel formation. This isachieved in immediate successions and these gels are formed as nanosizedparticles resulting from crosslinking of the PAMAM dendrimer and anotherpolymer. These compounds have shown a significant improvement in thereduction of the synthetic steps and conjugation of multiplefunctionalities. Further, the compositions have shown increased efficacyand treatment of neuroinflammation and inflammation.

The hydrogel of the present invention can act as a nanodevice and canoffer several advantages. Unlike the conventional hydrogels where thedrug is passively entrapped in the hydrogel, the nanosized hydrogel ofthe present invention has the drug covalently attached to one functionalterminal end group of PAMAM dendrimer while the other terminal end ofthe dendrimer forms the hydrogel. The drug release pattern from thesehydrogels is governed by hydrolysis or breakdown of the chemical bondlinking the drug to the hydrogel mediated by the enzymes; change in pHor by action of other body fluids. The nature of linking bond can betailored to provide a sustained release in the region of interest. Thesehydrogels therefore provide better handle in providing sustaineddelivery of the therapeutic agents over the conventional hydrogels wherethe drug is released by diffusion. A high payload of the drug can beachieved on one of the terminal groups of the asymmetric PAMAM dendrimerwhile the other terminal end group forms hydrogels. The possibility ofburst release with excessive drug release is overcome and a sustaineddrug release is achieved. Since the drug payload is high, the amount ofthe carrier or the polymer scaffold is lower. The injectable nanosizedhydrogels disclosed in the present invention are biocompatible.

The hydrogels of the present invention can be formed of crosslinked nanobeads or particles. The size of the hydrogels can be controlled andoptimized for targeted delivery to the tissue of interest. For example,the hydrogels can be in the size range 5 nm to 10 μm. The presence oforthogonal chemoselective groups on the PAMAM dendrimer withasymmetrical terminations enables the attachment of drugs or imagingagents or both in immediate succession eliminating the elaboratesynthetic and purification steps. The conventional hydrogels are formedby crosslinking of the polymers bearing symmetrical terminal groups. Thehydrogels are based on PAMAM dendrimers wherein the dendrimer by itselfhas two terminal functionalities enabling formation of hydrogelexclusively involving only one functional group which conserving theother for attachment of drugs and imaging agents is not known. The gelis formed by reaction of the PAMAM dendrimer with asymmetrical endgroups with other polymers. Examples of such polymers include, but arenot limited to, linear, branched, hyperbranched or star shaped polymerswith functionalized terminal groups. The PAMAM dendrimer withasymmetrical terminal groups consists of a Generation 2 and above PAMAMdendrimer with symmetrical end groups modified using the amino acids ortheir modified forms. The gel disclosed in the present invention isformed as small crosslinked particles in the size range 25 nm to 10 μmand is suitable for injectable delivery of hydrogel to any of the bodyorifices, tissues by intramuscular or subcutaneous route and oculardelivery for the purpose of therapeutic treatment and imaging.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the hydrogel can beformed by chemical modification of symmetric PAMAM dendrimer with aminoacids. For example, the said gel can be in the form of particles in thesize range 5 nm to 10 μm (wherein nanoparticles can be in the size rangeof 5 nm to 900 nm, preferably from 50 nm to 500 nm.), and the otherpolymer involved in crosslinking is a linear, branched or star shapepolymer or a dendrimer.

Specifically, the nanoparticles of the present invention is obtained bycrosslinking with other polymer is characterized by presence ofdisulfide crosslinks, thioester and amide linkages. The PAMAM dendrimercan also be a poly(amidoamine) dendrimer of generation 2 and abovewherein the surface has an asymmetrical end or peripheral groupsobtained by modification of the symmetrical end groups by reaction withamino acids. Alternatively, the PAMAM dendrimer can include a generation4 poly(amidoamine) dendrimer surfacized or modified with amino acids toyield all symmetrical terminal end groups into asymmetrical end orperipheral groups.

The PAMAM dendrimer of the present invention can also include amine,carboxylic acid, or hydroxyl terminations prior to modification withamino acids. Wherein, the amino acids can can include, but are notlimited to, serine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, threonine,tyrosine or their protected forms such astert-butylcarbonyl-serine-hydroxysuccinimide (Boc-Ser-NHS),tert-butylcarbonyl-aspartic acid (Boc-Asp-OH),tert-butylcarbonyl-glutamic acid (Boc-Glu-OH),fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-serine (Fmoc-Ser),fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-aspartic acid (Fmoc-Asp-OH),fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-glutamic acid (Fmoc-Glu-OH),tert-butylcarbonyl-cysteine-hydroxysuccinimide (Boc-Cys-NHS),serine-methylester (H-ser-OMe), cysteine-methylester (H-Cys-OMe),aspartic acid-methylester (H-Asp-OMe), glutamic acid-methyl ester(H-Glu-OMe), tert-butylcarbonyl-threonine-hydroxysuccinimide(Boc-Thr-NHS), threonine-methylester (H-Thr-OMe),fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-threonine (Fmoc-Thr),tert-butylcarbonyl-tyrosine-hydroxysuccinimide (Boc-Tyr-NHS),tert-butylcarbonyl-tyrosine (Boc-Tyr-OH), Tyrosine-methylester(H-Tyr-OMe), cysteine-dithiopyridine (Cys-S-STP),tert-butylcarbonyl-cysteine-dithiopyridine (Boc-Cys-S-STP). S-STP refersto dithiopyridine.

The PAMAM dendrimer of the present invention can be formed wherein oneof the end groups is involved in formation of hydrogel while the otherend group is available for conjugation of drug or an imaging agent.Examples of such drugs and imaging agents can include, but are notlimited to, G4-PAMAM-NH—CO-Ser(OH)—NHBoc, G4-PAMAM-NH—CO-Ser(OH)—NH₂,G4-PAMAM-NH—CO-Cys(SH)—NHBoc, G4-PAMAM-NH—CO-Cys(SH)—NH₂,G3.5-PAMAM-CO—NH-Ser(OH)—COOMe, G3.5-PAMAM-CO—NH-Ser(OH)—COOH,G4-PAMAM-O—CO-Cys(SH)—NHBoc, G4-PAMAM-O—CO-Cys(SH)—NH₂,G4-PAMAM-O—CO-Asp(COOH)—NHBoc, G4-PAMAM-O—CO-Asp(COOH)—NH₂,G4-PAMAM-O—CO-Cys(S—TP)—NHBoc and G4-PAMAM-O—CO-Cys(S-TP)—NH₂. “S-TP”refers to thiopyridine. The secondary amine group (—NH—) or the carbonylgroup (—CO—) derived from —NH2, or —COOH, respectively, of the aminoacids as a result of conjugation to the terminal groups of the PAMAMdendrimers are omitted from the chemical denotations in some instances.In other instances, the terminal groups on the PAMAM dendrimers linkedto the amino acids are also omitted. For example,G4-PAMAM-O—CO-Asp(COOH)—NH₂, G4-PAMAM-O-Asp(COOH)—NH₂, andG4-PAMAM-Asp(COOH)—NH₂ are used interchangeably to describe G4-PAMAMdendrimer conjugated to aspartic acid via terminal hydroxyl groups onthe dendrimer as depicted in Scheme 5 (compound 17).

The PAMAM dendrimers of the present invention can also be reacted withthe amino acid such that it yields two distinct orthogonalchemoselective asymmetrical end groups on the surface suitable forpost-functionalization in immediate succession such as conjugation fordrugs and/or imaging agents and hydrogel formation.

The hydrogel of the present invention is formed by the directcrosslinking of the asymmetric PAMAM dendrimer with other polymerinvolving a chemical reaction, or by physical crosslinking andphotopolymerization reactions. The formed hydrogel is degradable innature wherein the crosslinks are hydrolyzed over a period of time inresponse to the change in pH of environment, presence of enzymes andbody fluids. Additionally, the rate of degradation can be modulated bythe nature of the crosslinks.

The drug contained within the hydrogel can be released over an extendedperiod of time in a dual manner, wherein the first mechanism of releaseinvolves the degradation of the linking bond to release free drug whilethe second mechanism involves the diffusion of free drug from the gelnetwork. Examples of such drugs include, but are not limited to,macrolide antibiotics, such as, erythromycin, azithromycin, rapamycinand clarithromycin; tetracyclines, such as, minocycline, doxycycline,fluroquinolones, such as, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, ofloxacin,gatifloxacin, levofloxacin and norfloxacin; cephalosporins, such as,cefuroxime, cefaclor, cephalexin, cephadroxil and cepfodoxime proxetil;nonsteoroidal, anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs, such as,ibuprofen, aspirin, acetaminophen and diclofenac sodium andcorticosteroids such as fluocinolone acetonide and methylprednisolone,antibodies such as ranibizumab, vitamins, peptides, growth factors,siRNAs, microRNAs, resolvins, neurostimulants and neuroprotectants or apharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

The imaging agent for use with the present invention can include, but isnot limited to, fluorescent dyes, for example, fluoresceinisothiocynate, Carboxyfluorescein, fluorescein hydroxysuccinimide,tertramethyl rhodamine isothiocynate, alexa fluor dyes bearinghydroxylamine, hydrazide, cadaverine, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic,amine and thiol reactive groups, cyanine dye, Texas red radiolabelleddyes selected from the group of ¹⁴C, ³H, ⁶⁴Cu, magnetic resonanceimaging agents ¹²⁵I, ⁹⁹Tc, ¹¹¹In, gadolinium, and gadoliniumtetra-azacyclododecanetetraacetic acid (Gd-DOTA).

The crosslinking polymer for use in the present invention is afunctionalized polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymer in the size range of 5kDa to 80 kDa, preferably 20-40 kDa. The functionalized PEG polymer canbe either a linear or a branched PEG having a molecular weight of 20-40kDa and bearing symmetrical terminations such as, amine, thiol,maleimide, carbonates, carbamates, N-hydroxy-succinimide,dithiopyridine, methacrylate, methoxy, hydrazine, azide, acid, alcohol,aldehyde, allyl, vinyl, epoxy, isothiocynate and isocyanate.

The hydrogel occurs due to the interaction between the asymmetric PAMAMdendrimer and the other polymer directly and alternately by use ofsuitable spacer which crosslinks the dendrimer and other polymer whereinthe spacer is selected from the group consisting of bifunctionalmolecules in the size range 1-10 kDa wherein the bifunctional moleculesare maleimide-poly(ethyleneglycol)-maleimide,Succinimidyl-carboxyl-methylester-poly(ethyleneglycol)-succinimidyl-carboxyl-methyl ester,acrylate-poly(ethyleneglycol)-acrylate,ortho-pyridyldisulfide-poly(ethyleneglycol)-ortho-pyridyldisulfide,thiol-poly(ethyleneglycol)-thiol, nitrophenylcarbonate-poly(ethyleneglycol)-nitrophenyl carbonate,isocyanate-poly(ethyleneglycol)-isocyanate, 1,6-hexane-bis-vinylsulfoneand any other polymer which bears these functional terminations.

Examples of the nanoparticles include, but are not limited to,G4-PAMAM-NH—CO-Cys(S-TP) cross linked with 8-arm-poly(ethyleneglycol)with thiol terminations, G4-PAMAM-NH— pyridyldithio-propionate crosslinked 8-arm-poly(ethyleneglycol) with thiol terminations,FITC-G4-PAMAM-NH-pyridyldithio-propionate crosslinked with8-arm-poly(ethyleneglycol) with thiol terminations,G4-PAMAM-O-Cys(SH)—NH—FITC and 8-arm-poly(ethyleneglycol) with thiolterminations, FITC-G4-NH-Maleimide cross linked with8-arm-poly(ethyleneglycol) with thiol terminations,G4-PAMAM-O—CO-Cys(S-Tp)-NH₂ cross linked withmethoxy-poly(ethyleneglycol) with thiol termination (Meo-PEG-SH),G4-PAMAM-O—CO-Cys(SH)—NH₂ cross linked withpyridyldithio-propionate-poly(ethyleneglycol)-pyridyldithio-propionate.A high payload of the drug can be achieved on one of the terminal groupsof the asymmetric PAMAM dendrimer while the other terminal end groupforms hydrogels. This type of hydrogel where the drug is covalently bondto the hydrogel offers a sustained release of the drug over the extendedperiod of times as compared the conventional hydrogels preparationswhere the drug is physically entrapped and diffuses out of the hydrogel.

The drug release pattern from these hydrogels is governed by hydrolysisor breakdown of the chemical bond linking the drug to the hydrogelmediated by the enzymes, change in pH or by action of other body fluids.The nature of linking bond can be tailored to provide a sustainedrelease in the region of interest. These hydrogels therefore providebetter sustained delivery of the therapeutic agents over theconventional hydrogels where the drug is released by diffusion.

A library of dendrimers having hetero-bifunctional groups at periphery,amenable for further modifications is disclosed (Table 1). The presentinvention provides a robust, simple synthetic approach to attain nearcomplete surface modification with amino acids to yieldhetero-bifunctional end terminations on a biocompatible dendrimerscaffold (FIG. 1). Past reports on synthesis of bifunctional dendrimersinvolve multiple steps. A simple one pot synthesis to achieve orthogonaland chemoselective end groups by complete end capping of the G4 PAMAMdendrimers with amino acids is shown in Schemes 1-5, 7. The presentinvention shows that >110 hetero-bifunctional end groups can be achievedon a generation four (G4) dendrimer (FIG. 1) without going to nextgeneration (G5) dendrimers. This is a significant since it is well knownthat dendrimers exhibit generation dependant cytotoxicity. PEGylation ofG5 and G6 PAMAM-NH₂ dendrimers significantly reduced its hemolyticactivity but paradoxically compromised its transfection ability. Thechoice of the materials to design these hetero-bifunctional dendrimerswas based on developing biocompatible dendrimer scaffolds for drugdelivery applications, and also retaining the reactivity of terminalgroups for drug conjugation.

One of the advantages of the present system, having multiple diversefunctional handles on periphery groups is the ease of conjugatingdifferent drugs, along with imaging agents and/or targeting ligandswithout the need of additional synthetic steps to attach specific spaceror linker molecules. The feasibility of the concept, and thechemoselective and orthogonal nature of these new hetero-bifunctionaldendrimers was demonstrated by conjugation of 1) two drugs viz.dexamethasone and indomethacin and 2) indomethacin and imaging agent(FITC) on the aspartic acid surface-modified PAMAM dendrimer. Thus twodifferent moieties were added in immediate succession without anydeprotection steps or functional group conversions owing to theorthogonal peripheral groups. Additionally, of the two diversefunctional handles on the hetero-bifunctional dendrimers, one of thefunctional handles was selectively used for in-situ hydrogel formation,while the second functional handle was used for conjugating drug and orimaging agent.

Dendrimers have emerged as multifunctional carriers for targeted drugdelivery and diagnostic agents. Additionally, dendrimers have becomeintegral in improving the functional versatility at the surface forcarrying multiple conjugation reactions is becoming vital. Thecompositions disclosed in present invention performs several functionslike targeting, localization at diseased site, releasing the drug,imaging purpose and therefore the composition in itself acts as ananodevice.

Hydrogels can be used for many different applications such asmolecularly engineered scaffolds for controlled drug release, cellulardelivery, tissue engineering and as wound dressings due to the highlyhydrated and three dimensional properties which are similar to thenative extracellular matrix (ECM). They have attracted a great deal ofattention as a matrix for the controlled delivery of biologically activesubstances. The suitability of hydrogels for the pharmaceuticalapplications is mainly determined by their mechanical properties, drugloading and controlled drug release capability. In-situ forming gelshave been investigated for a varied applications such as oral, nasal,ocular, injectable, vaginal and rectal. Thermosensitive gels arecommonly investigated for the vaginal delivery of therapeutic agents asthey gel in response to the body temperature. Thermosensitive vaginalgels for delivery of cotrimazole were formulated using Pluronic F127.Polycarbophil hydrogels were investigated for intravaginal delivery ofgranulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) for treatmentof human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated genital (pre)neoplasticlesions.

The intravaginal route of drug administration can be used as aneffective means for local delivery of antibacterials, antifungals,antiprotozoals and antivirals agents. The use of topical microbicides iscommon in pregnant women to treat yeast and bacterial infections.Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is found in 15-20% of pregnant women and it isan ascending genital tract infection of chorioamnion and amniotic fluid.Intrauterine infection during pregnancy is often responsible for diseasecausing spontaneous preterm birth and the infection which is associatedwith the microorganisms ascending from vagina and cervix is known toaffect the fetal membranes and the cervical mucosa and endometrium.Local drug delivery to cervical tissues is preferred. To treat BV inpregnant women antibiotics are administered intra-vaginally and theintravaginal route is preferred to attain high local drug concentrationin the vagina, which cannot be achieved by oral administrations. Onemajor problem associated with intravaginal and intrauterine drugdelivery is limited contact time of administered dosage form with themucosa due to the physiological conditions imposed by the protectivemechanisms of the cervix and vagina. This reduces the therapeuticefficacy and necessitates frequent dosing. Hydrogels are bettertolerated than other conventional dosage forms and thus provide a bettertreatment option.

Hydrogels are preferred drug delivery vehicles in pharmaceuticalindustry especially for the ocular delivery of drugs. Dendrimer basedimaging agents are in the process of gaining approvals for human use.Dendrimer based intravaginal gels can also be used as topicalmicrobicides. Polylysine dendrimer SPL7013 exhibited antimicrobialactivity against herpes simplex virus and its formulation developmentinto a prototype acidified carbopol gel for intravaginal delivery wasevaluated in animal models. Human clinical trials (Phase I and II) wereconducted to determine the retention, duration of activity, safety andtolerability of a gel containing SPL7013 applied intravaginally to youngnon-pregnant women and the gel was found to be safe and well tolerated.Apart from SPL7013, the amine terminated PAMAM dendrimers are found toexhibit antibacterial activity towards gram-ve bacteria. PAMAM dendrimerwith hydroxyl terminations was found to effectively inhibit intrauterineEscherichia coli (E. Coli) infections in guinea pigs. These dendrimershave also been used as carriers for the antimicrobial agents (e.g.triazine antibiotics). Quinolone drugs encapsulated in PAMAM dendrimersare highly active when used as topical microbicidal agents. The PAMAMdendrimer based silver complexes and nanocomposites have been shown tohave increased antibacterial activity towards the S. aureus, P.aeruginosa and E. coli. Further, dendrimers are also extensivelyevaluated in several gel formulations. Many polymers can be used astopical microbicides or as a component of the topical microbicideformulations to be applied on the vagina or rectal mucosa.

The hydrogels of the present invention can be used to treat severalmacular degeneration related diseased conditions. The hydrogels can alsobe used in treating neuro-inflammation and inflammation in the eye byintraocular delivery. The hydrogels also have site-specific localizationof the dendrimers based on their size and can therefore effectivelydeliver drugs to the diseased site. Further, these nanodevices can beused for the diagnostic and imaging purposes.

The above discussion provides a factual basis for the methods and usesdescribed herein. The methods used with and the utility of the presentinvention can be shown by the following non-limiting examples.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Synthesis of Asymmetrical Hetero-Bifunctional G4PAMAM Dendrimers Synthesis of G4-PAMAM-NH—CO-Ser(OH)—NHBoc (3)

To a stirred solution of G4-PAMAM-NH₂ (1) (500 mg, 0.035 mol) andBoc-Ser-NHS (Compound 2) (1360 mg, 4.50 mol) in DMSO/DMF (4:1, 25 mL)followed by addition of DIEA (775 μl, 4.50 mol). The reaction wasallowed to continue for 24 hours at room temperature (r.t.). The crudeproduct was purified by dialysis against DMSO (3 times for 36 hours),and after dialysis the solvent was removed under lyophilization to getpure compound in 75% yield (646 mg, 0.026 mol). The chemical structureof G4-PAMAM-NH—CO-Ser(OH)—NH₂ (3) was confirmed by ¹H-NMR and MALDI-MSspectra. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz), 1.38 (s, 9H, Boc), 2.10-2.22 (br.s,OH), 3.22-3.38 (m, 1H, CH₂), 4.50-4.58 (m, 1H, CH₂) 4.80-4.90 (m, 1H,CH) 6.50-6.60 (m, 1H, NH amide), 7.78-7.97 (br.d, NH amide interiordendrimer amide), MALDI-MS: 24501 Da

Synthesis of G4-PAMAM-NH—CO-Ser(OH)—NH₂ (4)

Boc (tert-Butoxycarbonyl) deprotection was carried out by addingG4-PAMAM-NH—CO-Ser (OH)—NHBoc (Compound 3) (500 mg, 0.020 mol) inTFA/DCM (50:50% v/v, 10 mL) for 15 minutes. Post de-protection, thesolution was neutralized pH=7.0 using 1N NaOH solution. The compound wasdialyzed overnight using water as solvent and lyophilized to yieldG4-PAMAM-NH—CO-Ser(OH)—NH₂ with NH₂ and OH terminations. The compound(4) was obtained by lyophilization in 89% yield (339 mg, 0.018 mol).¹H-NMR and MALDI-MS spectra. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz), δ, 1.0-1.19 (m,2H, NH₂), 1.80-1.98 (br. s, 2H, OH), 4.21-4.26 (s, 1H), 8.0-8.15 (br. dfrom amide NH), 8.30-8.6 (br.d, amide NH), MALDI-MS: 18747 Da.

Synthesis of G4-PAMAM-NH—CO-Cys (SH)—NHBoc (6)

To a stirred solution of G4-PAMAM-NH₂ (1) (500 mg, 0.035 mol) andBoc-Cys-NHS (5) (1432 mg, 4.50 mol) in DMSO/DMF (4:1, 25 mL), DIEA (775μl, 4.50 mol). The reaction was continued for 24 hours at r.t. Thereaction mixture was purified on dialysis with DMSO (36 hours) to removeby-products and the excess of reactants, and after dialysis the solventwas removed under lyophilization to get pure compound (6) in 77% yield(671 mg, 0.027 mol). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz), δ 1.35 (s, 9H, Boc)2.10-2.20 (br.s, SH), 3.25-3.40 (m, 2H, CH₂), 3.95-4.20 (m, 1H, CH),7.80-8.20 (br.d, 1H, dendrimer interior amide), 8.22-8.45 (br.s, 1H,amide) MALDI-MS: 25807 Da

Synthesis of G4-PAMAM-NH—CO-Cys (SH)—NH₂ (7)

Boc (tert-Butoxycarbonyl) deprotection was carried out by addingG4-PAMAM-NH—CO-Cys (SH)—NHBoc (6) (500 mg, 0.019 mol) in TFA/DCM (50:50%v/v, 10 mL) for 15 minutes. Post de-protection, the solution wasneutralized pH=7.0 using 1N NaOH solution. The compound was dialyzedovernight using water as solvent and lyophilized to yieldG4-PAMAM-NH—CO-Cys (SH)—NH₂ with NH₂ and SH terminations. The compound(7) was obtained by lyophilization in 88% yield (326 mg, 0.017 mol).¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz), δ 1.0-1.23 (m, NH₂), 1.78-2.00 (br.s, 2H, OH)3.60-3.75 (m, 1H—CH— for Cysteine) 7.97-8.10 (br. s, amide NH fromCysteine), 9.80-10.10 (br. m, amide NH from dendrimer interior amide).MALDI-MS: 19365 Da

Synthesis of G3.5-PAMAM-CO—NH-Ser-OMe (10)

To a stirred solution of G3.5-PAMAM-COOH (6) (100 mg, 0.0086 mol) andH-Ser-OMe (9) (132 mg, 1.11 mol) in water (4 ml) was added DMSO/DMF(4:1, 12 mL), DMAP (136 mg, 1.11 mol) and the reaction was stirred for 5minutes followed by addition of EDC (213 mg, 1.11 mol) at once. Thereaction was continued for 24 hours at r.t. The reaction mixture waspurified by dialysis with DMSO (36 hours) to remove by-products and theexcess of reactants, and after dialysis the solvent was removed underlyophilization to get pure compound (10) in 78% yield (116 mg, 0.0067mol). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz), δ 3.60 (S, 3H, COOMe), 6.62-3.75 (m,2H, CH₂), 4.30-4.58 (m, 1H, CH), 7.77-7.95 (br.d, NH), 8.37-8.41 (s, 1H,amide), MALDI-MS: 17209 Da

Synthesis of G3.5-PAMAM-CO—NH-Ser-OH (11)

Hydrolysis of methyl ester was carried out by adding G3.5-PAMAM-CO-Ser(OH)—OMe (10) (100 mg, 0.005 mol) with LiOH (5 mg, 2.26 mol) in THF/H₂O(9:1 10 mL) for 5 hours after completion of reaction, the compound wasdialyzed overnight using water as solvent and lyophilized to yieldG3.5-PAMAM-CO—NH-Ser-OH (11) with COOH and OH terminations. The compound(11) was obtained by lyophilization in 88% yield (81 mg, 0.0.005mol)¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz, δ in ppm) 1.40-1.50 (m, 2H, NH₂),1.92-2.05 (br. s, 1H, OH), 3.33-3.42 (br.s, 1H, —CH—, Serine), 8.15-8.40(br. d, amide NH), 8.75-8.90 (br. s, amide NH), ¹³C-NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400MHz), 14.97, 26.45, 33.94, 36.80, 37.56, 45.12, 50.29, 52.87, 56.02,155.60, 170.10, 172.91. FTIR spectrum shows absorptions at 1720, 2950,3550 cm⁻¹ assigned for C═O, C—H, O—H stretch of serine, MALDI-MS: 15959Da.

Synthesis of G4-PAMAM-O—CO-Cys(SH)—NHBoc (13)

To a stirred solution of Boc-Cys-OH (5) (1487 mg, 6.72 mol) andG4-PAMAM-OH (12) (500 mg, 0.035 mol) in DMSO/DMF (3:1) was added DMAP(366 mg, 3.0 mol), EDC (899 mg, 4.51 mol)) and the reaction was allowedto proceed overnight for 18 hours. The product so obtained was purifiedby dialysis using spectrapor dialysis membranes in DMSO as a solvent, toremove the by-products and the excess of reactants. After dialysis thesolvent was removed under lyophilization to get pure compound (13) in80% yield (732 mg, 0.144 mol). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz), δ, 1.25 (br.s, 1H from Cysteine SH), 1.35 (br. s, 9H, tert-Butoxycarbonyl fromCysteine), 2.10-2.25 (br.s, 1H, —SH from Cysteine), 4.55-4.75 (br.d —CH—from Cysteine), 7.80-8.10 (br. d, NH from dendrimer interior amide),8.20-8.30 (br. s, NH from Cysteine amide), ¹³C-NMR (DMSO-d₆, 100 MHz),28.59, 28.78, 33.86, 37.51, 38.02, 42.12, 50.23, 52.80, 54.19, 56.94,60.55, 66.50, 79.76, 108.10, 143.20, 155.90, 156.69, 169.61, 172.01,172.32, 172.56, MALDI-TOF/MS: 25068 Da.

Synthesis of G4-PAMAM-O—CO-Cys(SH)—NH₂ (14)

Boc (tert-Butoxycarbonyl) deprotection was carried out by addingG4-PAMAM-O—CO-Cys (SH)—NHBoc (13) (500 mg, 0.019 mol) in TFA/DCM (50:50%v/v, 10 mL) for 5 minutes. Post de-protection, the solution wasneutralized pH=7.0 using 1N NaOH solution. The compound was dialyzedovernight using water as solvent and lyophilized to yieldG4-O-Cys(SH)—NH₂ with NH₂ and SH terminations. The compound (14) wasobtained by lyophilization in 87% yield (334 mg, 0.017 mol). ¹H-NMR(DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz), δ, 2.12-2.24 (m, 2H, —CH₂—, Cysteine), 4.70-4.78 (m,1H, —CH—, Cysteine), 7.76-7.89 (br. d, NH from dendrimer interioramide), 7.91 (br. s, NH from Cysteine amide). MALDI-MS: 19262 Da.

Synthesis of G4-PAMAM-O—CO-Asp(COOH)—NHBoc (16)

To a stirred solution of BOC-Asp-OH (15) (2500 mg, 10.7 mol) was addedG4-PAMAM-OH (12) (1000 mg, 0.070 mol) in DMSO/DMF (3:1) and DMAP (729.9mg, 5.975 mol), EDC (1783 mg, 8.95 mol) and PyBOP (1993 mg, 3.83 mol)and the reaction was allowed to proceed overnight for 18 hours. Theproduct was purified by dialysis using spectrapor dialysis membranes inDMSO as solvent to remove by-products and the excess of reactants, andafter dialysis the solvent was removed under lyophilization to get purecompound (16) in 80% yield (1503 mg, 0.058 mol). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400MHz), δ, 1.30 (s, 9H), 4.28-4.38 (br. s, 1H), 7.75-7.90 (br.s, amideNH), 7.92-8.10 (br.d, amide NH). ¹³C-NMR (DMSO-d6, 100 MHz), 28.77,33.46, 37.39, 38.13, 50.04, 50.76, 52.79, 63.76, 79.08, 79.12, 95.10,155.91, 170.66, 171.82, 172.23. MALDI-MS: 25740 Da.

Synthesis of G4-PAMAM-O—CO-Asp-(COOH)—NH₂ (17)

Boc (tert-Butoxycarbonyl) deprotection was carried out by addingG4-PAMAM-O—CO-Asp-Boc (16) (1000 mg) in TFA/DCM (50:50% v/v) for 5minutes. Post de-protection, the solution was neutralized using 1N NaOHsolution. The compound was dialyzed overnight using water as solvent andlyophilized to yield G4-O-Asp-OH with COOH and NH₂ terminations. Thecompound (17) was obtained by lyophilization in 90% yield (627 mg, 0.033mol). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz, δ in ppm) 4.22-4.35 (br.s, 1H),7.96-8.10 (br. s, amide NH) 8.10-30 (br.d, amide, NH). MALDI-MS: 18990Da.

Synthesis of G4-PAMAM-O—CO-Asp-(CO-Dex)-NH₂ (20)

To a stirred solution of G4-PAMAM-O—CO-Asp-(COOH)—NHBoc (16) (200 mg,0.0105 mol) in a DMSO/DMF (3:1, 20 mL) was added EDC (506 mg, 2.64 mol),DMAP (160 mg, 1.31 mol) and dexamethasone (15) (520 mg, 1.32 mol) andthe reaction was allowed to proceed at room temperature for 12 hours.After completion of the reaction, crude product was purified by dialysisusing spectrapor dialysis membranes in DMSO (3 times for 36 hours) toremove by-products and the excess of reactants, and after dialysis thesolvent was removed under lyophilization to get (20) pure compound in82% yield (190 mg, 0.0086 mmol). Boc (tert-Butoxycarbonyl) deprotectionwas carried out by adding G4-PAMAM-O—CO-Asp(CO-Dex)-NHBoc (16) (1000 mg)in TFA/DCM (50:50% v/v) for 5 minutes. Post de-protection, the solutionwas neutralized using 1N NaOH solution. The compound was dialyzedovernight using water as solvent and lyophilized to yieldG4-PAMAM-O—CO-Asp(CO-Dex)-NH₂. The compound (20) was obtained bylyophilization in 90% yield. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6, 400 MHz, δ in ppm), 0.75(s, 3H), 0.82 (s, 3H), 1.0-1.10 (m, 2H), 1.280-1.36 (d, 2H), 1.38-1.41(d, 2H), 1.45 (s, 3H) 4.45-4.50 (d, 1H), 4.92 (s, 1H), 5.24 (s, 1H),6.01 (s, 1H), 6.23 (d, 1H), 7.30 (d, 1H). ¹³C-NMR (DMSO-d6, 100 MHz)15.98, 17.33, 23.55, 23.61, 27.94, 30.95, 32.68, 33.75, 34.21, 34.41,35.55, 36.60, 42.10, 43.95, 48.12, 48.75, 50.15, 52.70, 60.56, 66.94,71.18, 71.55, 90.84, 94.71, 101.06, 102.80, 124.80, 129.67, 153.53,167.80, 186.0. MALDI-TOF/MS: 21981 Da.

Synthesis of G4-PAMAM-O-Asp (CO-Dex)-Ind (22)

To a stirred solution of indomethacin (21) (249 mg, 0.69 mol) in aDMSO/DMF (3:1, 20 mL) was added EDC (133 mg, 0.69 mol), DMAP (85 mg,0.69 mol). The reaction mass was stirred for 15 minutes andG4-PAMAM-O—CO-Asp-(CO-Dex)-NH₂ (20) (80 mg, 0.0036 mol) was added to it.Reaction was continued at room temperature for 15 hours. Aftercompletion of the reaction, crude product was purified by dialysis usingspectrapor dialysis membranes in DMSO (36 hours) to remove by-productsand the excess of reactants. After dialysis the solvent was removedunder lyophilization to get G4-PAMAM-O-Asp(CO-Dex)-Ind (22) purecompound in 78% yield. Apart from dexamethasone protons listed for (20),the ¹H-NMR of compound (22) shows appearance of protons corresponding toindomethacin. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6, 400 MHz), δ, 2.10-2.30 (m, 3H, CH₃),3.62-3.80 (m, 5H, —OCH₃, —CO—CH₂—), 6.60-79 (m, 2H, Ar), 6.83-7.04 (m,2H, Ar), 7.60-7.70 (m, 3H, Ar).

Synthesis of G4-PAMAM-O—CO-Asp(CO-Dex)-NH—FITC (24)

To a stirred solution of G4-PAMAM-O—CO-Asp-(CO-Dex)-NH₂ (20) (100 mg,0.0038 mol) in a DMSO (10 mL) was added FITC (23) (17.6 mg, 0.045 mol).The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12 hours indark. After completion of the reaction, crude product was purified bydialysis in dark using spectrapor dialysis membranes in DMSO (36 hours)to remove by-products and the excess of reactants, and after dialysisthe solvent was removed under lyophilization to get (24) pure compoundin 85% yield. Apart from dexamethasone protons listed for (23), the¹H-NMR of compound (24) shows appearance of protons corresponding toFITC. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6, 400 MHz), δ, 6.57-6.62 (d, 6H, Ar), 6.63-6.70 (s,3H Ar).

Synthesis of Boc-Cys (S-TP)—OH (27)

Boc-Cys(S-TP)—OH (27) was prepared from the reaction of 2,2¹-dithiodipyridine (7.96 g, 36 mol) and Boc-Cys-OH (4 g, 18 mol) in amixture of methanol and water (1:1, 50 mL) and stirred for 24 hours atroom temperature. Upon completion of the reaction (monitored by TLC),methanol was removed in vacuo and the residue was recrystallized withacetone and petroleum ether to give the pure product as a white solid in70% yield (4.19 g, 0.012 mol). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz), δ in ppm),1.40 (s, 9H, tert-Butoxycarbonyl), 2.49 (solvent DMSO-d₆) 3.0-3.20 (m,2H, —CH₂—), 3.33 (H₂O peak in DMSO-d₆), 4.10-4.20 (m, 1H, —CH—),7.25-7.30 (m, 1H, Ar), 7.35-7.40 (m, 1H, Ar), 7.78-7.88 (m, 2H, NHamide, and Ar), 8.42-8.52 (m, 1H, Ar), 12.88 (s, 1H, COOH). ¹³C-NMR(DMSO-d₆, 100 MHz), δ, 28.83, 53.42, 79.03, 94.69, 119.96, 121.95,138.48, 150.29, 172.86.

Synthesis of G4-PAMAM-O—CO-Cys(S—TP)—NHBoc (28)

To a stirred solution of Boc-Cys (S-TP)—OH (27) (1484 mg, 4.48 mol) andG4-PAMAM-OH (12) (500 mg, 0.036 mol) in DMSO/DMF (3:1) was added DMAP(273 mg, 2.23 mol), EDC (856 mg, 4.48 mol)) and the reaction was allowedto proceed overnight for 18 hours. The product was purified by dialysisusing spectrapor dialysis membranes in DMSO as solvent to removeby-products and the excess of reactants, and after dialysis the solventwas removed under lyophilization to get pure compound (28) in 78% yield(764 mg, 0.028 mol). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz, δ in ppm) 1.38 (s, 9H,from Cysteine tert-Butoxycarbonyl), 4.0-410 (m, 2H, —CH₂—, fromCysteine), 4.60-4.70 (m, 1H, —CH—, from Cysteine), 6.70-7.77 (m, 1H,Ar), 7.0-7.18 (br.d, 1H, NH amide), 7.25-7.35 (m, 1H, Ar), 7.38-7.45 (m,1H, Ar), 7.60-7.68 (m, 1H, Ar), 8.15-8.24 (m, 1H, amide NH).

Synthesis of G4-PAMAM-O—CO-Cys(S-TP)—NH₂ (29)

Tert-Butoxycarbonyl deprotection was carried out by addingG4-PAMAM-O—CO-Cys(S—TP)—NHBoc (28) (500 mg, 0.018 mol) in TFA/DCM(50:50% v/v, 10 mL) for 5 minutes. Post de-protection, the solution wasneutralized using 1N NaOH solution and pH of solution was monitored toobtain pH 7. The compound was dialyzed overnight using water as solvent.After dialysis the solvent was lyophilized to get compound (29) in 50%yield (238 mg, 0.0093 mol). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz, δ in ppm)1.82-1.97 (m, 2H, —CH₂—, from Cysteine), 4.62-4.70 (m, 1H—CH—, fromCysteine), 7.60-7.64 (d, 1H, Ar), 7.66-7.75 (m, 1H, Ar), 7.77-7.84 (m,1H, Ar), 7.89-7.96 (m, 1H, NH amide), 8.19-8.25 (m, 1H, Ar), 8.40-8.52(m, 1H, NH amide).

To achieve hetero-bifunctional G4-PAMAM dendrimer with high density ofamine and hydroxyl functional groups at the periphery of (3), thesymmetrical terminal ‘amine’ groups of G4 PAMAM dendrimer (1) werereacted with acid terminal of Boc-Ser-NHS (2). This was astraightforward coupling reaction which converted the symmetricalperipheral amines (˜64 theoretically) of G4-PAMAM-NH₂ (1) dendrimer intoa total of ˜116 hetero-bifunctional groups on the periphery bearing 58of ‘Boc-amine’ and 58 of ‘hydroxyl’ functionalities respectively(Scheme-1), in a one step reaction. Schemes 1-2 are schematicrepresentations for synthesis of G4-PAMAM-NH—CO-Ser(OH)—NHBoc (3), andG4-PAMAM-NH—CO-Cys(SH)—NHBoc (6) Compounds (3 and 6) show the conversionof symmetric peripheral amines of G4-PAMAM-NH₂ (1) into heterobifunctional terminal groups ‘OH+NHBoc’ and ‘SH+NHBoc’ respectively. Thecompounds (3, 6) on deprotection of Boc group gave OH+NH₂′ and ‘SH+NH₂’respectively.

The coupling reaction between G4-PAMAM-NH₂ dendrimer (1) and Boc-Ser-NHS(2) was carried out in N, N-Diisopropylethylamine (DIEA) in a twocomponent solution of DMSO/DMF. Because of the higher reactivity of theNHS group of Boc-serine-NHS (2) with amine terminations of G4-PAMAM-NH₂(1), it is expected that the product will consist of Boc-Ser residuesconjugated at the G4-PAMAM-NH₂ (1) by amide bond, the reaction wasmonitored by MALDI-TOF analysis to ensure complete substitution. Theproduct so obtained was purified by dialysis using DMSO to remove theexcess of unreacted Boc-Ser-NHS and other by products. The appearance ofcharacteristic signals of Boc-Serine in the ¹H NMR spectrum at 1.38 (s,9H, Boc), 2.10-2.22 (br.s, OH), 3.22-3.38 (m, 1H, CH₂), 4.50-4.58 (m,1H, CH₂) 4.80-4.90 (m, 1H, CH) 6.50-6.60 (m, 1H, NH amide), 7.78-7.97(br.d, NH amide interior dendrimer amide), ppm ofG4-PAMAM-NH—CO-Ser(OH)—NHBoc (3) (FIG. 2A) confirm the desired product.It is evident from the integral ratio of the amide protons ofPAMAM-NH—CO-Ser(OH)—NHBoc at 7.78-7.97 ppm to the two methylene protonsof serine at 3.22-3.38 (m, 1H, CH₂), 4.50-4.58 (m, 1H, CH₂) ppm, thateach G4-PAMAM-NH₂ dendrimer contains approximately 58 Boc-serinemolecules attached. The MALDI-TOF/Ms analysis ofG4-PAMAM-NH—CO-Ser(OH)—NHBoc (3) shows the appearance of molecular masspeak at 24.5 kDa (FIG. 2B). For G4-PAMAM dendrimer the measuredmolecular weights (13.7 kDa) were lower than the theoretical value(14.21 kDa). The corresponding increase in mass from 13.7 kDa(G4-PAMAM-NH) to 24.5 kDa for G4-PAMAM-NH—CO-Ser(OH)—NHBoc (3), confirmsattachment of 58 Boc-serine molecules since the molecular weight ofserine is 205 Da. This further supports the NMR data which showedattachment of 58 molecules. The conversion of symmetrical terminalamines of G4-PAMAM to hetero-bifunctional ‘OH’ and ‘NHBoc’ terminalgroups was 84%. The results show that a high degree of surfacefunctionalization has occurred. The PAMAM dendrimers have predominantstructural defects in the starting compounds themselves and these werepreviously known to preclude the complete conversion. The HPLCchromatogram (210 nm) shows a single peak corresponding toG4-PAMAM-NH—CO-Ser(OH)—NHBoc (3), confirming the purity of the product(FIG. 2C).

Achieving ‘near complete’ attachment of the Boc-serine moieties on thedendritic core was challenging. One of the probabilities was sterichindrance avoids the conjugation of the bulky molecules. When theattachment of cysteine with one protecting group (6, 13) and twoprotecting groups (28) was compared, to G4-PAMAM-OH (12), a drasticreduction in number of cysteines (28) attached to dendrimer wasobserved. This shows that presence of thiopyridyl andtert-Butoxycarbonyl protecting groups makes the cysteine (28) moleculebulky and hence causes stearic hindrance leading to lower number ofcysteines (28) attached to the dendrimer vis a vis cysteine (5) with oneprotecting group. A single broad peak was observed in MALDI-TOF/Msspectrum (FIG. 2B) and the peak corresponding to dendrimer (startingcompound) at ˜14.2 kDa was not observed in this spectrum indicating thatthe peak at 24.5 kDa belongs to the obtained G4-PAMAM-Ser-(OH)—NHBoc (3)compound. Further, the spectrum did not show multiple peaks confirmingthe absence of other by products. The ¹H NMR spectra and MALDI-TOF/Msfor G4-PAMAM-Ser-(OH)—NHBoc dendrimer (3) collectively suggestattachment of 58 molecules of Boc-Serine to G4-PAMAM-NH₂. Theevaluations suggested that the 2-fold excess of serine was sufficient toachieve the complete end capping of the G4-PAMAM-NH₂ dendrimer (1) toprovide G4-PAMAM-Ser-(OH)—NHBoc dendrimer (3). The above compound soobtained was further used to get amine terminations at the peripheryattained by global deprotection of the tert-Butoxycarbonyl (Boc) groupsusing trifloroacetic acid (scheme-1) and the resultinghetero-bifunctional dendrimer (4) can be then utilized in a variety ofsubsequent conjugation reactions. The characteristic signals oftertbutyl groups appearing at 1.30 (s, 9H) in ¹H NMR spectrum of (4)disappear on deprotection but the other peaks corresponding to serineare seen at ¹H NMR spectrum at 6, 1.0-1.19 (m, 2H, NH₂), 1.80-1.98 (br.s, 1H, OH), 4.21-4.26 (s, 1H), 8.0-8.15 (br. d from amide NH), 8.30-8.60(br.d, amide NH) ppm of G4-PAMAM-NH—CO-Ser(OH)—NH₂ (4) (FIG. 3A) confirmthe desired product. It is evident from the integral ratio of the amideprotons of PAMAM-NH—CO-Ser(OH)—NHBoc at 8.30-8.60 ppm to the twomethylene protons of serine at 3.50-3.68 (m, 2H, CH₂) ppm, that eachPAMAM-NH₂ dendrimer contains approximately 58 serine molecules attached.After deprotection, the molecular weight decreased from 24.5 kDa for (3)to 18.7 kDa for (4) (FIG. 3B). The mass of G4-PAMAM-NH₂ dendrimer is13.7 kDa and this increase to 18.7 kDa corresponds to 58 molecules ofserine attached since the molecular weight of serine is 105 Da. The HPLCchromatogram (210 nm) shows a single peak corresponding toG4-PAMAM-NH—CO-Ser(OH)—NH₂ (4), confirming the purity of the product(FIG. 3C). The diverse end groups so obtained are amenable forpost-functionalization modifications or reactions. The high density ofdiverse end groups is achieved through a choice of the end terminationof parent scaffold and the reacting amino acid. Different permutationsof the end group functionality of the dendrimers were explored andseveral amino acids to develop a library of hetero-bifunctionaldendrimers (Table 1 (Library of Amino Acid Surface Modified Dendrimers)and Table 2 (Molecular weight estimation of amino acid functionalizeddendrimers)).

Other hetero-bifunctional dendrimers (6, 10, 13, 16, 28) bearing‘SH+NHBoc’ and ‘COOMe+OH’ terminal groups were synthesized by reactingG4-PAMAM-NH₂ dendrimer (1), G3.5-PAMAM-COOH dendrimer (8) andG4-PAMAM-OH (12) with Boc-Ser-NHS (2), Boc-Cys-NHS (4) and Boc-Ser-OMerespectively (Scheme 2-5, 7).

Schemes 3-4 are schematic representations for synthesis ofG3.5-PAMAM-CO—NH-Ser(OH)—COOMe (10) and G4-PAMAM-O—CO-Cys(SH)—NHBoc (13)Compounds (10 and 13) show the conversion of symmetric peripheral acidof G3.5-PAMAM-NH₂ (8) into hetero bifunctional terminal groups‘COOMe+OH’ and ‘SH+NHBoc’ respectively. The compounds 10, 13 was furtherhydrolysis of methyl ester and Boc gave compounds ‘COOH+OH’ and ‘SH+NH₂’respectively.

Scheme 5 is a schematic representation for the post-functionalizationreactions of hetero-bifunctional dendrimers showing conjugation ofmultiple drugs and or imaging agents in immediate succession.G4-PAMAM-O-Asp(COOH)—NH₂ (17) dendrimer bearing COOH and NH₂ termini wassynthesized. Dexamethasone was conjugated to G4-PAMAM-O-Asp(COOH)—NH₂(16) and indomethacin was added to achieve G4-PAMAM-O-Asp(CO-Dex)-NH-Ind(22). Similarly, FITC was conjugated in immediate succession toG4-PAMAM-O-Asp(CO-Dex)-NH₂ (20) to yield G4-PAMAM-O-Asp(CO-Dex)-NH—FITC(24).

Scheme 6 is a schematic representation for the post-functionalizationreactions of hetero-bifunctional dendrimers showing conjugation of drug(e.g. dexamethasone) to one functional handle while the other functionalhandle is used for hydrogel formation (26) with N-hydroxysuccinmideterminated 8-arm-polyethylene glycol (25).

Scheme 7 is a schematic representation for the formation of hydrogelinvolving one of the functional handles of theG4-PAMAM-O—CO-Cys(S-TP)—NH₂ dendrimer while the ‘NH₂’ handle isavailable for further modifications. The thiol terminated 8arm PEG (20kDa) formed gel at pH 7.4 by reacting with the dithiopyridineterminations of the G4-PAMAM-O—CO-Cys(S-TP)—NH₂ resulting in disulfidelinkages.

Scheme-8. G4-NH—CO-Cys(S-TP) cross linked with 8-arm-PEG-SH to formdendrimer-PEG nanogel (or nanopartcles)

Scheme-9. G4-NH-PDP cross linked with 8-arm-PEG-SH to form G4-FITCencapsulated dendrimer-PEG nanogel (or nanopartcles)

Scheme-10: FITC-G4-NH-PDP cross linked with 8-arm-PEG-SH to formdendrimer-PEG nanogel (or nanopartcles)

Scheme-11: HBVS cross linked with G4-O-Cys(SH)—NH—FITC and 8-arm-PEG-SHto form dendrimer-PEG nanogel (or nanopartcles)

Scheme-12: FITC-G4-NH-Mal cross linked with 8-arm-PEG-SH to formdendrimer-PEG nanogel (or nanopartcles)

Scheme-13: G4-O—CO-Cys(S-Tp)-NH₂ cross linked with Meo-PEG-SH to formdendrimer-PEG nanogel (or nanopartcles)

Scheme-14: G4-O—CO-Cys(SH)—NH₂ cross linked with PDP-PEG-PDP to formdendrimer-PEG nanogel (or nanopartcles)

The compounds 3, 6, 13, 16, 28 on global deprotection of Boc groups withtrifloroacetic acid and dichloromethane gave 7, 14, 17, 29 and compound10 on hydrolysis of methyl ester with lithium hydroxide intetrahydrofuran/water (THF/H₂O) gave compound 11. The Table 1 gives thePAMAM dendrimer scaffold and the respective amino acids used tofunctionalize the periphery. The % conversion, and number of amino acidsattached to the dendrimer is given in Table 2. In the past, it has beenreported that attachment of 64 groups of phenylalanine on G4 dendrimerresulted in a significant reduction in the water solubility of thecompound. Herein, all the compounds with significantly high end groupmodifications of G4-PAMAM dendrimers with amino acids resulted in highlywater soluble compounds (4, 7, 11, 14, and 17).

Conjugation of Drugs and Imaging Agent on One Terminal Group andFormation of Hydrogel Using the Other.

The orthogonal and chemoselective nature of the peripheral end groups inthe hetero-bifunctional dendrimers was demonstrated by conjugation of(i) two drugs viz dexamethasone and indomethacin and (ii) indomethacin,and an imaging agent (FITC) on the aspartic acid surface modified PAMAMdendrimer (16) (Scheme-5). In addition, the in-situ hydrogel formationusing only one functional handle of the hetero-bifunctional dendrimer isdemonstrated, while the second functional handle is used for drugconjugation as shown in Scheme-6.

A hetero-bifunctional G4-PAMAM dendrimer bearing ‘carboxylic’ and‘Boc-amine’ peripheral terminations, to facilitate the diversepost-functionalization reaction was obtained by reacting the ‘hydroxyls’of G4-PAMAM-OH (12) with Boc-aspartic acid (15). The coupling reactionof G4-PAMAM-OH dendrimer (12) with Boc-aspartic acid (15) was carriedout using EDC/DMAP (scheme-5) to obtain G4-PAMAM-O-Asp(COOH)—NHBoc (16).MALDI-TOF/Ms of the functionalized dendrimer (16) reveals the mass peakat 25.7 kDa as seen from the mass spectrum (FIG. 4A). The molecularweight of Boc-Aspartic acid is 233 Da and so the increase from ˜14 kDafor G4 PAMAM-OH (12) to 25.7 kDa corresponds to 56 molecules ofBoc-aspartic acid (15) attached to G4-PAMAM-O-Asp(COOH)—NHBoc (16). Theappearance of characteristic signals of Boc-Asp-OH in the ¹H NMRspectrum at 1.30 (s, 9H), 2.10-2.20 (m, 2H), 4.50-4.60 (br. s, 1H),7.19-7.24 (br.s, amide NH), of G4-PAMAM-O—CO-Asp(COOH)—NHBoc (16) (FIGS.5A and 5B) confirm the desired product. It is evident from the integralratio of the amide protons of PAMAM-O—CO-Asp(COOH)—NHBoc at 7.70-8.05(br.d, amide NH) to the two methylene protons of Boc-Asp-OH 2.10-2.20(m, 2H) that each PAMAM-OH dendrimer contains approximately 56. It isestimated that the extent of surface functionalization is 80% by takingthe average of the MALDI/MS and NMR data and purity of the compoundconfirmed by RP-HPLC (FIG. 6A). On repeating the synthetic procedureseveral times 56 molecules could be conjugated, rather than thetheoretical ˜64 that are available, resulting in a total of 112 endfunctionalities (56+56 each). The structural defects in the startingcompounds themselves (PAMAM dendrimers) could attribute for the observedeffect. Both the MALDI and NMR, analysis do not account for the smallstructural imperfections. The results show a high degree of conversion(80%) of ‘OH’ terminal groups into ‘COOH and Boc-NH’ groups. In additionto carboxylic groups the amine terminations at the periphery areattained by global deprotection of the tert-Butoxycarbonyl (Boc) groupsusing trifloroacetic acid (scheme-5) and the resultinghetero-bifunctional dendrimer (17) can then be utilized in a variety ofsubsequent conjugation reactions. The characteristic signals oftert-butyl groups appearing at 1.30 (s, 9H) in ¹H NMR spectrum of (17)disappear on deprotection but the other peaks corresponding to asparticacid are seen at 2.20-2.38 (m, 2H), 4.22-4.31 (br.s, 1H), 7.96-8.10 (br.s, amide NH). 8.10-30 (br.d, amide, NH). After deprotection, themolecular weight decreased from 25.7 kDa for (16) to 18.9 kDa for (17)(FIGS. 4A and 4B), since the molecular weight of aspartic acid is 133 Dathe mass of 15 corresponds to 46 molecules of the aspartic acid appendedon the dendrimer thereby yielding a total of 92 end functionalities(46+46 each). Yet there is a merit in this scaffold as it has a highdensity of diverse end groups as compared to G4-PAMAM-OH dendrimer.

To test if the terminal groups are amenable to further modification, theG4-PAMAM-O-Asp(COOH)—NHBoc (16) was reacted with dexamethasone (18) as amodel steroidal anti-inflammatory drug involving the carboxylic endgroups on dendrimer to link the drug by ester bond using EDC/DMAP ascoupling reagents (Scheme-5). Compound (19) was used without furthercharacterization to get amine terminations at the periphery by globaldeprotection of the tert-Butoxycarbonyl (Boc) groups usingtrifloroacetic acid (scheme-5) and the resulting (20) can be thenutilized in a variety of subsequent conjugation reactions. The formationof G4-PAMAM-O-Asp(CO-Dex)-NH₂ (20) conjugate was validated by ¹H NMRanalysis. The appearance of dexamethasone methyl protons at 0.75 (s,3H), 0.82 (s, 3H) and 1.45 (s, 3H), double bond protons at 6.01 (s, 1H)6.23 (d, 1H) and 7.30 (d, 1H), confirm the conjugation betweenG4-PAMAM-O-Asp(COOH)—NHBoc (16) and Dexamethasone (18) (FIGS. 5A, 5B,and 5C). The attachment of multiple copies of dexamethasone toG4-PAMAM-O-Asp(COOH)—NHBoc (16) dendrimers was determined byMALDI-TOF/Ms and purity of the compound confirmed by RP-HPLC (FIG. 6C).The attachment of dexamethasone followed by Boc deprotection shifted themass of G4-PAMAM-O-Asp(CO-Dex)-NH₂ dendrimer from 25.7 kDa to 21.9 kDa(FIGS. 4A and 4C). Dexamethasone (18) has a molecular weight of 392 Da,therefore, the incremental mass corresponds to average of 8 molecules ofdexamethasone molecules per dendrimer (number attained from 3independent experiments).

To examine this further, the possibility of the conjugation of seconddrug to the hetero-bifunctional dendrimer (20) in immediate succession,the G4-PAMAM-O-Asp-(CO-Dex)-NH₂ (20) was reacted with indomethacin (21)without the need to attach additional spacer or linker molecules.Indomethacin was chosen as another model drug which belongs to a classof anti-inflammatory drugs. The conjugation was carried out in presenceof EDC/DMAP as coupling reagents (Scheme-5). The ¹H NMR analysis showsthat the aromatic protons corresponding to indomethacin appear at2.10-2.30 (m, 3H, CH₃) 3.62-3.80 (m, 5H, —OCH₃, —CO—CH₂—) 6.60-6.79 (m,2H, Ar), 6.63-7.04 (m, 2H, Ar), 7.60-7.70 (m, 3H, Ar) confirming theconjugation of indomethacin to G4-PAMAM-O-Asp(CO-Dex)-NH₂ (20) to yieldG4-PAMAM-O-Asp(CO-Dex)-NH-Ind (22) (FIG. 5C). The purified dendrimerconjugate was subjected to MALDI-TOF analysis and the obtained massexhibited an increase from 21.9 kDa (for 20; FIG. 4C) to 30.1 kDa (for22; FIG. 4D) as expected and purity of the compound confirmed by RP-HPLC(FIG. 6E). The increase in molecular weight corresponds to an average of24 indomethacin molecules per dendrimer molecule, since indomethacin hasa molecular mass of 357 Da, suggesting an overall 36% loading ofdexamethasone and indomethacin (number attained from 3 independentexperiments). The ¹H NMR analysis showed that any undesired sideproducts were not observed suggesting the clean attachment of two drugs(both dexamethasone and indomethacin).

Polymeric scaffolds used in drug delivery are often tagged with imagingagents and radio nucleotides to investigate their distribution patternin-vitro and in-vivo. This attachment could be direct on to the scaffoldor mediated through an appropriate linking chemistry, which may at timesrequire a suitable spacer molecule. As shown herein, the carboxylicterminations G4-PAMAM-O-Asp-(CO-Dex)-NHBoc (20) were consumed foresterification with Dexamethasone (18), but the presence of Boc-aminegroups bestowed flexibility to explore after Boc deprotection for directattachment of fluorescent imaging dye (FITC) (23) by thiourea bond. Thisdemonstrated the ability of the hetero-bifunctional dendrimers to attachto drug and an imaging agent in immediate succession without any furthermodification thereby excluding the additional synthetic steps to appenda suitable spacer to the dendrimer scaffold. G4-PAMAM-O-Asp-(CO-Dex)-NH₂(20) conjugate was tagged with FITC (23) (scheme-5) in one step byadding FITC (23) to a solution of G4-PAMAM-O-Asp-(CO-Dex)-NH₂ (20) inDMSO and the reaction was stirred at room temperature in dark. TheFITC-labeled G4-PAMAM-O-Asp(CO-Dex)-(NH—FITC) (23) was purified bydialysis using spectrapor membrane (cutoff 1000 Da) against DMSO indark. The dialyzed product was dried under vacuum to obtain theconjugate (24). Purity of G4-PAMAM-O-Asp(CO-Dex)-(NH—FITC) (24)conjugate was confirmed by HPLC using florescent detector (Xex=495nm/Xem=521 nm) (data not shown). Further, the appearance of aromaticprotons at 6.57-6.62 (d, 6H, Ar), 6.63-6.70 (s, 3H, Ar) in ¹H-NMRspectrum confirm the attachment of FITC and the integral ratio of amideprotons of G4-PAMAM-O-Asp(CO-Dex)-NH₂ (20) appearing at 8.10-8.30 ppm tothe aromatic protons at 6.57-6.62, 6.63-6.70 confirms the attachment of6 molecules of FITC in G4-PAMAM-O-Asp(CO-Dex)-(NH—FITC) conjugate (24).The MALDI-TOF/MS of G4-PAMAM-O-Asp-(CO-Dex)-NH₂ (20) showed a mass of21.9 kDa and a further increase in mass to 23.2 kDa affirmed theattachment of 6 molecules of FITC (data not shown).

The presence of two functional handles led the inventors to developin-situ forming hydrogels using only one of the functional handles forchemical reaction forming the gel, while the other handle can be usedfor conjugating the drugs (Scheme 6). The ability of the NH₂ groups ofG₄-PAMAM-O-Asp-(CO-Dex)-NH₂ (20) for hydrogel formation was tested byits reaction with N-hydroxy-succinimide terminated 8-arm-PEG polymer(25) and blue dextran (Mw 5000) was physically entrapped in this gel.Hydrogel formation was determined by the “inverted tube method” andhydrogels were considered to have formed once the solution ceased toflow from the inverted tube (FIG. 7B). The gelation times for thesehydrogels ranged 30-50 seconds and these open new vistas for the drugdelivery application of these hereto-bifunctional dendrimers. Of theamine and the COOH terminal groups of G₄-PAMAM-O-Asp-(CO-Dex)-NH₂, (20)the COOH groups were involved in conjugation of drug dexamethasone (18)by ester linkage, while the NH₂ groups were involved in gel formation byamide linkages on reaction with N-hydroxy-succinimide terminated8-arm-PEG (25) polymer (Scheme 6). This provides a new approach todesign of hydrogels where the rate of drug release can be further slowedsince the drug release involves two steps (i) release from covalentlinkage of dendrimer after the degradation or hydrolysis of the bond(ii) diffusion of the drug from the hydrogel. Different concentrationsof the polymer solution were tested in the stoichiometric ratio 1:1 andthe gel formation was observed at 3, 5 and 8% w/w. Further, FITC (23)was attached to few NH₂ groups (3 end groups) of theG₄-PAMAM-O-Asp-(CO-Dex)-NH₂ (20) and this dendrimer also formed hydrogelby amide linkages on reaction with N-hydroxy-succinimide terminated8-arm-PEG polymer (25), this gel is shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B. The SEMimage shows the gel network formed by reaction of PEG-NHS (25) withG₄-PAMAM-O-Asp-(CO-Dex)-NH₂, (20; FIG. 7C) andG₄-PAMAM-O-Asp-(CO-Dex)-NH—FITC (24; FIG. 7D).

The above conjugation reactions show the ability of robustpost-functionalization modifications in these hetero-bifunctionaldendrimers, a hallmark of synthetic efficiency which further confirmsthat these peripheral end groups exhibit chemoselectivity based on theirasymmetric or orthogonal nature. With these results there wasdemonstrated the ability to achieve a large number of asymmetric endgroups (112) on G4 PAMAM dendrimer as compared to 64 symmetric endgroups available traditionally, in just one step one pot reaction.Dexamethasone and indomethacin were conjugated toG4-PAMAM-O-Asp(COOH)—NHBoc (16) using an ester and after Bocdeprotection amide linkage respectively. Further, FITC and dexamethasonewere attached on G4-PAMAM-O-Asp(COOH)—NHBoc by thiourea and esterlinkage respectively. The in-situ gelling hydrogels with the ability tophysically entrap and covalently attach the drugs was demonstrated. Thediverse nature of these hetero-bifunctional groups on dendrimersadditionally confer the flexibility to append several functional groupsin immediate succession, without the need for protection deprotectionsteps or need to append specific linker, all contributing the drasticreduction in the synthetic and purification steps.

In-Situ Hydrogel Formation by Crosslinking of Hetero-BifunctionalDendrimers Bearing ‘S-TP’ and ‘NH₂’ Terminations

Hydrogels have been used as vehicles for sustained drug delivery. Therich end functionalities prepared using the current approach couldenable a new class of multifunctional hydrogels. There is disclosedherein an approach where a dendrimer based degradable hydrogelcomprising redox sensitive bond is disclosed. The hydroxyl-terminatedG4-PAMAM-OH dendrimer (12) was end capped with Boc-Cys(S-thiopyridyl)-OH(27) to yield 70% hetero-bifunctional end groups comprising 42 thiolprotected and 42 amine terminations in protected form (Scheme-7). Thethiol groups in Boc-cysteine were protected using 2-aldrithiol beforemodifying the dendrimer to yield G4-PAMAM-O—CO-Cys(S-thiopyridyl)-NHBoc(28). The thiol protection reaction was carried out in mild reactionconditions using methanol/water as solvent at room temperature for 24hours. The product was obtained by recrystallization in acetone andhexane. The tert-Butoxycarbonyl (Boc) protecting groups were removed byusing trifloroacetic acid in dichloromethane to yield aminefunctionality. G4-PAMAM-O—CO-Cys(S-thiopyridyl)-NH₂ (29) so obtained wasmixed with the solution of 8arm-polyethylene glycol with thiolterminations (ratio 1:4 w/v respectively), resulting in in-situ forminghydrogel. This reaction is simple and occurs in physiological pH 7.4phosphate buffer saline by the formation of disulfide crosslinks(Scheme-7). Apparently the disulfide crosslink reactions occur rapidlyand hence the gelation time for these gels was less than 45 seconds.Over a period of time (20 days) physiological (pH 7.4, 37° C.) conditionthese gels undergo a gel to sol transformation suggesting thedegradation or breakdown of the gels. It has been reported thatdisulfide exchange reactions occur slowly in milieu under physiologicalconditions which contribute for the degradation of the hydrogel. Withthese studies there is demonstrated the potential of thesehetero-bifunctional dendrimers for in-situ forming hydrogels. Thesehydrogels can be further explored for physical encapsulation of drug orcovalent linkage of drug to the other functional group for providingsustained release of drugs in a similar way as disclosed for the gelsformed between G4-PAMAM-Asp-(CO-Dex)-NH₂ (20) with PEG-NHS (25). Aninteresting feature of this reaction is that both thetert-Butoxycarbonyl and thiopyridyl groups are orthogonal in nature andunder the acidic conditions trifloroacetic acid in dichloromethane usedfor deprotection of tert-Butoxycarbonyl groups the thiopyridyl groupsare extremely stable. With the introduction of two protecting groups incysteine it was observed that the total number of copies of cysteineattached drastically reduced to 38 (59% conversion) as compared to otheramino acids used without protecting groups or with single protectinggroup showing 87% to 91% conversion. The ¹H-NMR, MALDI-TOFcharacterization of G4-PAMAM-O—CO-Cys(S-thiopyridyl)-NHBoc (28) and itstert-Butoxycarbonyl deprotection are provided in supporting information.

Example 2 Preparation of Dendrimer-PEG-Nanogel

Nanogel composed of the dendrimer-PDP (or dendrimer drug conjugate) andthe PEG-SH (8 arm or liner) were synthesized. In brief, To a solution of8-arm-PEG-SH (polymer) (100 mg) in PBS (1 ml) (pH=7.4) in 1^(st) 50 mlround bottom flask. Dendrimer-PDP (100 mg) in PBS (1 ml) (pH=7.4) in2^(nd) 50 ml of round bottom flak. In 3^(rd) round bottom flaskcontaining water phase (50 ml) consisted of a 2.5% (w/v) aqueoussolution of the surfactant polyvinyl alcohol (PVA, MW 13,000-23,000,87-89% hydrolyzed). The above 1^(st) polymer and 2^(nd) dendrimer-PDPwas slowly added to the water phase with high-speed blending (24,000rpm) for two minutes and the mixture formed a cloudy white emulsion. Theemulsion was then allowed to stir in an uncovered beaker for severalhours (24 hours) in a vacuum hood. The emulsion was centrifuged at10,000 rpm for 30 minutes. The supernatant was lyophilized and storedfor analysis of dendrimer-drug conjugate concentration to be determinedby spectrophotometry. The white, nanoparticles were twice resuspended indeionized water following ten minute centrifugation at 10,000 rpm. Theywere finally resuspended in a minimal amount of deionized water andfreeze-dried overnight. A fine white powder of dendrimer-PEGnanoparticles were then obtained and analyzed using scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM).

Example 3 Particle Size and Zeta Potential

The impact of surface modification of the dendrimers on particle size,zeta potential, blood retention and in vivo organ distribution has beenpreviously reported. The complete surface modification of the dendrimerswith amino acids on an average increased the particle size by 1-2 nm asseen from Table 3 (Particle size and zeta potential hetero-bifunctionaldendrimers). The end capping of the cationic G4-PAMAM NH₂ dendrimer withserine and cysteine resulted in drastic reduction in the zeta potentialfrom +11.5 to −1.83 and 4.80 mV respectively. The interesting part isthat both these constructs retain equal number of surface NH₂ termini ascompared to unmodified G4-PAMAM-NH₂, yet exhibit reduced charge and aretherefore expected to reduce the cytotoxicity. The hydroxyl terminatedG4-PAMAM dendrimers are nontoxic due to the neutral surface charge andend capping it with aspartic acid and cysteine did not increase thecharge significantly (Table 3). Again, both these constructs have NH₂termini in addition to other groups yet exhibit low charge. By endcapping of the hydroxyl terminated dendrimer, hydrogels can be attainedand attachment of several functional groups, without eliciting thecytotoxicity. The unusual and unexpectedly high zeta potential wasexhibited by the carboxylic acid terminated dendrimer end capped withserine (+8.83 mV). The increase in zeta potential was consistent withthe increased cytotoxicity of this construct.

Example 4 Biocompatible Nature of the Components Hemolytic and In-VitroCytotoxicity

Red blood cell (RBC) lysis is a simple quantitative measure ofhemoglobin (Hb) release widely used to study polymer-membraneinteraction. Both cationic and anionic PAMAM dendrimers at 1 mg/mlconcentration and exposure of 1 hour induce marked morphological changesevidenced by clumping of RBCs. The study showed a zero hemolysis and100% hemolysis on incubating the RBCs with PBS (negative control) and 1%Triton X-100 (hemolytic agent-positive control) respectively. All thehetero-bifunctional dendrimers synthesized were non hemolytic in theconcentration range 1-100 μg/ml on exposure for 3 hours (FIG. 8). Atconcentration of 1 mg/ml and exposure for 3 hours about 1.5%-3.0% wasobserved for all the compounds except the G3.5-PAMAM-CO-Ser(OH)—COOHwhich showed a hemolysis of 5% in 3 hours. Consistent with the hemolysisstudy, the in-vitro cytotoxicity study showed that the new compoundswere nontoxic (FIG. 8) in the concentration range 10-100 μg/ml and fewwere nontoxic even at 1 mg/ml concentrations.

Dendrimer cytotoxicity is strongly influenced by the nature of surfacegroup and dendrimers bearing NH₂ termini display concentration andgeneration dependant cytotoxicity. The amine-terminated dendrimers areknown to exhibit cytotoxicity due to high cationic charge while thehydroxyl dendrimers are non-cytotoxic due to the neutral surface charge.The G4-PAMAM-NH₂ dendrimers exhibited cytotoxicity at 5 μg/mlconcentration after 5 hours exposure to B16F10. The cell viability fellto <10% for the V79 chinese hamster lung fibroblasts cells after 24hours exposure to PAMAM dendrimers generations G3 (1 nM), G5 (10 mM) andG7 (100 nM). A previous study showed that G4-PAMAM-OH andG3.5-PAMAM-COOH were nontoxic to A549 cells at concentrations 10-1000μg/ml while G4-PAMAM-NH₂ dendrimer was nontoxic at 10-100 μg/ml andexhibited toxicity at 1000 μg/ml after 72 hours treatment. These resultswere consistent with those reported by Duncan et al.

The cytotoxicity of all the hetero-bifunctional dendrimers synthesizedusing human lung carcinoma cells (A549) and mouse microglial cells(BV-2) were evaluated, both cells with clinical implications fordendrimer use in cancer and neuroinflammatio. MTT assay showed that thecompounds G4-OH-Cys-(SH)—NH₂ and G4-OH-Asp-(COOH)—NH₂ were not toxic toA549 cells in the concentration range of 1 μg/mL-1 mg/mL after 24 hexposure (FIG. 9). It is interesting to note that both these compoundshave NH₂ termini and yet they were non-toxic at higher concentrations(in contrast to G4-PAMAM-NH₂ dendrimers with the same end groups) andretained the behavior similar to the neutral, non-toxic G4-PAMAM-OHdendrimers. This was consistent with the zeta potential measurements forboth these compounds which showed that the zeta potential did notincrease significantly from that of G4-PAMAM-OH (Table 3). While,modifying the surface of G4-PAMAM-NH₂ with serine and cysteine, thecompounds; G4-PAMAM-NH-Ser(OH)—NH₂ and G4-PAMAM-NH-Cys(SH)—NH₂ werenontoxic at concentrations 1-100 μg/ml after 24 hours. Both thecompounds had NH₂ termini after surface modification yet they werenon-toxic at the concentrations evaluated. Further, more than 40% ofcells were viable after exposure to high concentration of 1 mg/ml for 24hours for these two compounds indicative of marked reduction incytotoxicity when compared to G4-PAMAM-NH₂ alone. It has been reportedthat COOH terminated dendrimers G1.5 to 9.5 are nontoxic up to 5 mg/mlconcentrations to B16F10, CCRF and HepG2. It was observed that onmodifying G3.5-PAMAM-COOH with serine, the compound was nontoxic at 1-10μg/ml concentration but exhibited marked toxicity at 100 μg/ml, and thiscan be expected since this compound exhibited a very high zeta potential+8.83 mV. From these results some promising candidates for drug deliveryappear to be G4-OH-Cys-(SH)—NH₂ and G4-OH-Asp-(COOH)—NH₂ which showedpost-functionalization ability, applicability in hydrogel formation andas carriers for multiple functional groups such as drug and imagingagents.

There was demonstrated that by appropriate choice of G4-PAMAM dendrimerend groups (NH₂, OH, COOH) and amino acids for surface modifications, alibrary of multivalent, multifunctional dendrimers bearing OH and NH₂,COOH and NH₂, NH₂ and SH, COOH and OH at the peripheries can beachieved. High yields were achieved in the coupling reactions since anexcess of amino acid could be used, and the unreacted material couldlater be removed by a simple dialysis process. Conversions 70-90% ofhetero-bifunctional dendrimers were obtained by carrying out thereactions in mild simplistic conditions such aswater/dimethylsulfoxide/dimethyl formamide or in some casesdimethylsulfoxide/dimethyl formamide. The orthogonal peripheral handlesof the resulting dendrimers are available for the eventual attachment ofdrugs, imaging agents or radiolabels and for the biological evaluationof these carriers.

One of the key features is the use of biocompatible amino acids used toachieve these diverse end functionalities. The objective was to usecompounds that would not elicit undesirable interactions of dendrimerswith cell surfaces, enzymes, and proteins in the blood serum. Further,the degree of drug loading could be easily adjusted. The amino acids areknown to provide catalytic pockets for the enzymatic cleavage, hence thebyproducts obtained by the cleavage of drug products are expected to benontoxic. By decorating the dendrimer periphery with amino acid motifs,an enhanced solubility, reduced cytotoxicity, reduced hemolytictoxicity, while retaining the chemoselective reactivity and conferringflexibility to conjugate varied functional groups such as drugs and orimaging agents could be achieved.

Example 5

Local intravaginal drug therapy is preferred for treatment of ascendinggenital infections during pregnancy. There is disclosed herein anin-situ forming biodegradable hydrogel for sustained release ofamoxicillin in the cervicovaginal region is described. Amino terminated,ethylenediamine-core generation-4 poly(amidoamine) dendrimer with 15peripheralthiopyridyl groups (G4-NH₂—NHPPD) was crosslinked with 8-armpolyethylene glycol (PEG) bearing thiol terminations. The hydrogels wereformulated and tested in-vivo in pregnant guinea pig model for volume,retention times, biodegradation, tolerability and transport across fetalmembrane. The physicochemical characterization of the hydrogels wascarried out using differential calorimetry, SEM, and confocal imaging.The hydrogels offer dual antibacterial activity arising from sustainedrelease of amoxicillin followed by the release of amine terminated PAMAMdendrimer from the degrading gels. The in-vivo studies in guinea pigshowed that 100-200 μL of gel sufficiently covered the cervicovaginalregion with a residence time of at least 72 hours and gel was primarilyretained in the maternal tissues without crossing the fetal membranesinto the fetus. The dendrimer gels were stable up to 72 hours and thein-vivo biodegradation of gel occurred after 72 hours and thiscorrelated well with the in-vitro degradation pattern. The pH of thevagina was not altered on application of the gel and none of the animalsaborted upto 72 hours after application of gel. The histologicalevaluation of the cervical tissues showed absence of edema in epithelialcell layer, no sloughing of the epithelial or superficial mucous layer,absence of necrosis and infiltration of inflammatory cells in thesubmucosal layers confirmed that tissues were tolerant to the gel.

The immunohistofluorescence images showed the localization of the gelcomponents on the superficial mucified epithelial layer. Thecrosslinking density and swelling of hydrogels was impacted by thepolymer content and the 10% hydrogels exhibited highest crosslinkdensity. The in-vitro drug release studies carried out using Franzdiffusion cells showed that amoxicillin release from 6 and 10% gels wassustained for 240 hours as compared to 3% gels. As the polymerconcentration increased to 10% the release pattern from gels approacheddiffusion controlled mechanism with diffusional exponent n=0.49. Inconclusion, studied biodegradable in-situ forming hydrogels offer atherapeutic option to provide sustained localized delivery ofamoxicillin intracervically to the pregnant woman for the treatment ofascending genital infections.

Herein, there was investigated the in-situ forming biodegradablehydrogels obtained by crosslinking of thiopyridyl functionalizedG4-NH₂—PDP PAMAM dendrimer with 8-arm polyethylene glycol (20 kDa) forsustained intravaginal delivery of amoxicillin to treat ascendinggenital infections during pregnancy. Multiple thiopyridyl surfacefunctionalities of the dendrimer and the star-PEG are utilized to createa biodegradable gel with disulfide linkages. This offers the potentialfor the dendrimer and drug to be released, as the hydrogel degrades.Further dendrimers offer the potential to target selectivelyinflammatory cells. The hydrogels were investigated for biodegradation,retention, tolerability and volume of distribution by intravaginalapplication in the pregnant guinea pig model. In the past hydrogelscontaining dendritic materials obtained by photocrosslinking, radiation,thermal gelation, ion interactions and freeze thaw cycles of polymershave been described. The hydrogels discussed herein are formed in-situby chemical crosslinking resulting from simple mixing of theG4-NH₂—NHPDP dendrimer and the PEG polymer solutions in buffer throughthe formation of disulfide bonds and these hydrogels posses theproperties of both the PEG hydrogels and the dendrimer.

The cervical infections in pregnant women caused by pathogens such asStreptococcus group B, E. coli and Gardnerella vaginalis are responsiblefor the premature rupture of the fetal membranes, chorioamnionitis andprematurity. Amine terminated PAMAM dendrimers exhibit antibacterialactivity against E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus by inducingformation of nanoscale holes in lipid bilayers of bacterial cellmembrane causing cell lysis and death. The partially pegyylated amineterminated PAMAM dendrimers demonstrate antibacterial activity againstE. Coli bacteria, P. aeruginosa. The pegylation of dendrimers reducestheir cytotoxicity and yet retains the antibacterial activity. Thepoly(amidoamine) generation 4 amine terminated PAMAM dendrimer has beenpartially modified with thiopyridine moieties and chemically bound to8arm PEG via disulfide bridges to form the hydrogel while number of theprimary amine groups remained unmodified. The covalent linking of PEG todendrimer while gel formation was expected to overcome the cytotoxicity.Further, the investigated amoxicillin loaded hydrogels were expected toexhibit dual antibacterial mechanism, arising from sustained release ofthe antibiotic and activity exhibited by the amine terminated dendrimerreleased from the degrading gel.

Materials and Methods Materials

Amine terminated, ethylenediamine-core poly(amidoamine) dendrimer(G4-NH₂) (diagnostic grade generation-4 with —NH₂ groups) was purchasedfrom Dendritech and 8-arm-PEG-SH (20 kDa) (5) was purchased from NOFAmerica Corporation, USA. Other reagents were obtained from assortedvendors in the highest quality available. Of these, amoxicillin,N-Succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridylthio)-propionate (SPDP), polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP 30 kDa), PEG 600, glycerol, glutathione (GSH), dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO), fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), dimethylformamide (DMF),Ethanol, phosphate buffer saline (PBS, pH, 7.4), and HPLC-grade solventswere obtained from Sigma-Aldrich.

Synthesis of G4-NH₂—NHPDP (4)

G4-NH₂ (2) dendrimer was dissolved in PBS buffer pH 7.4 (20 mL) and thesolution of SPDP (3) in ethanol (10 mL) was added to it under stirringto provide sufficient modification whilst preventing loss of product dueto the insolubility of highly modified dendrimer. Reaction was stirredat room temperature for 2 hours. After completion of the reaction,solvent was removed under reduced pressure to get a solid compound. Thecrude product obtained from the reaction mixture was dialyzed againstwater using spectrapor dialysis membranes (MW cut-off 1000 Da) (pH=5obtained by addition of 1% HCl) to remove by-products and the excess ofreactants. After dialysis, the solvent was removed using lyophilization.Solid was reconstituted in desired amount of PBS (pH 7.4) and used forhydrogel formulation.

Preparation of -G4-NH₂—FITC—NHPDP

FITC (0.082 g M=389.38 2.10×10⁻⁴ mol) was added to the solution ofG4-NH₂ dendrimer in DMSO (20 mL) under stirring and the reaction wascontinued in dark for 18 hours. To remove unreacted FITC, the reactionmixture was dialyzed (molecular weight cut off of membrane 1000 Da) inDMSO for 24 hours (solvent was changed every 8 hours). After dialysisthe DMSO was lyophilized to get pure G4-NH₂—FITC conjugate as darkorange color solid. The G4-NH₂—FITC conjugate was dissolved in methanoland precipitated in acetone. Absence of free FITC in the conjugate wasverified by TLC using chloroform and methanol (ratio 1:1) as mobilephase. After purification of the G4-NH₂—FITC conjugate, the abovedescribed procedure was used to synthesize -G4-NH₂—NHPDP-FITC forhydrogel formulation for in vivo applications

Hydrogel Formation

Hydrogels were prepared by crosslinking of the branched thiol terminatedPEG polymer (8-arm-PEG-SH, 20 kDa) with G4-NH₂—NHPDP (orG4NH₂FITC—NHPDP). Hydrogels containing 10, 6 and 3% w/v of polymers wereprepared by mixing equal volumes (1:1 v/v, 100 μL each) of the 10, 6 and3% w/v polymer solutions of G4-NH₂—NH-PDP and 8-arm-PEG-SH in PBS(pH=7.4) as shown in Table 4. The ratio of PDP to thiol functionalitiesin these hydrogels was 2:1. The hydrogels resulted in 10-30 seconds ofmixing the two polymer solutions. The gelation time was determined bythe vial tilting method. When the sample showed no flow, it was regardedas a gel. These hydrogels were further investigated to determine thedegree of swelling, drug loading efficiency, in vitro release studies,and in vivo applications.

Morphology of the Hydrogel

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analyses were performed toinvestigate the morphology of hydrogel. The 10, 6 and 3% w/v hydrogelswere prepared for electron microscopy at room temperature, followed bydehydration using lyophilization. It was observed that the hydrogelvolume was reduced by 75% during the dehydration process. The sampleswere critical point dried, sputter-coated with 9 nm of gold/palladium,and imaged using SEM (HITACHI S-2400 Scaning Electron Microscope) at 20kV. The cross sections of the hydrogels were observed using confocalmicroscopy, to determine the crosslink density. The gels were formed bycrosslinking of -G4-NH₂— FITC NHPDP with 8-arm-PEG-SH in PBS (pH=7.4).The 10, 6 and 3% w/v gels were embedded in OCT media (Tissue-Tek®) andfrozen at −80° C. until they were sectioned. Gels sections (20μ thick)were cut using a cryostat (Leica Microsystems; Nuchloss, Germany).Images of the sectioned gels were captured on a Leica TCS SP5 laserscanning confocal microscope (Leica Microsystems GmbH, Wetzlar,Germany).

Equilibrium Swelling of Hydrogels

The 10, 6 and 3% w/v hydrogel discs were obtained by crosslinking ofG4-NH₂—NH-PDP and PEG (1:1 v/v, 100 μL each) in a cylindrical glass vial(12×35 mm). These hydrogel discs were weighed and subsequently immersedin 5 mL of pH 7.4 phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution at 37° C. in30 mL scintillation vials. The swollen hydrogels were removed from PBSand weighted at various time intervals until a swelling equilibrium hadbeen reached. All experiments were carried out in triplicate and theresults are expressed as means±standard deviations.

The degree of swelling was calculated from the formula previouslyreported where W_(s) is the weight of the swollen hydrogel at time t andW₀ (wet) is the initial weight.

${\% \mspace{14mu} {Swelling}} = {\frac{\left( {W_{s} - W_{o}} \right)}{W_{o}} \times 100}$

Formulation of Hydrogel

The prototype vaginal gels were made using excipients; glycerin (5%,v/v), PVP (4%, w/w) and PEG 600 (5%, v/v), which were included inhydrogel formulation to improve the emollient, adhesion, retention andspreadability properties of hydrogels. These excipients were dissolvedin the PBS buffer at the concentrations as shown in Table 4 and thissolution was used as a vehicle to dissolve separately the G4-NH₂—NHPDP(or G4-NH₂—FITC—NHPDP) and 8-arm PEG-SH. The hydrogel formulation wasobtained by mixing the solution of G4-NH₂—NHPDP and 8-arm PEG-SH in thesolvent vehicle at the ratio 1:1 v/v. The gelling time was recorded forthe different compositions of vehicle and polymers. The optimalconcentration of additives was determined by measuring the crosslinkingtime and retention time of hydrogel formulation on targeted area.

Reverse Phase HPLC Characterization

In vitro drug release and characterization of conjugates was carried outwith waters HPLC instrument equipped with one pump, an auto sampler anddual UV, RI, and fluorescence detector interfaced to millennium softwareinstruments moleds should included. The mobile phase used wasacetonitrile (both 0.14% TFA by w.) and water phase had a pH of 2.25.Mobile phases were freshly prepared, filtered and degassed prior to theuse. Supelco Discovery BIO Wide Pore C5 HPLC Column (5 μm particle size,25 cm×4.6 mm length×I.D.) equipped with C5 Supelguard Cartridge (5 μmparticle size, 2 cm×4.0 mm length×I.D.) was used for characterization ofthe conjugates as well as in vitro drug release studies. Gradient methodwas used for analysis and the method used was water: acetonitrile(100:0) to water-acetonitrile (60:40) in 25 minutes followed byreturning to initial conditions for 5 minutes. The flow rate was 1mL/min. Calibration curves were prepared for amoxicillin, based on UVabsorbance peak area at 229 nm. These calibrations were used to measureof in vitro drug release from cellulose membrane in Franz diffusioncell.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) Analysis of Hydrogels

The neat and modified polymers and hydrogels were subjected to thermalanalysis using TA Instruments DSC Q2000 V24.4 Build 116 Module DSCStandard Cell RC. The experiments were conducted in crimped sealedaluminium pans and the weight of each sample was in the range 1-2 mg.All the samples were analyzed using the heat cool heat cycles. Thesamples were equilibrated at −50° C. for 2 minutes and were heated to150° C. at a heating rate of 5° C./min under nitrogen flow. The sampleswere quench cooled to −50° C. and equilibrated for 2 minutes and againheated to 150° C. at a heating rate of 5° C./min.

Degradation of Hydrogels

In vitro degradation of hydrogel was performed in glutathione (GSH)solutions at pH 4 and simulated vaginal fluid up to 72 hours. Thesimulated vaginal fluid (SVF) was prepared as described previously byaddition of GSH. Briefly, the SVF was prepared by 350 mg of NaCl, 140 mgof KOH, 22 mg of Ca(OH)2, 18 mg of bovine serum albumin, 200 mg oflactic acid, 100 mg of acetic acid, 16 mg of glycerol, 40 mg of urea,500 mg of glucose, 20 mg of GSH and the pH was adjusted to 4±0.02 using0.1 M HCl. Hydrogel discs obtained by crosslinking of G4-NH₂—NHPDP and8-arm PEG-SH (1:1 v/v, 100 μL each) were immersed into the 5 mL GSHsolution at pH 4 and simulated vaginal fluid at pH 4 in 30 mLscintillation vials in triplicate and observed for degradation.

Drug Loading into the Hydrogels

Antibiotic (amoxicillin) was physically entrapped into the hydrogels.The drug was (0.5 mg) added to the PEG solution (100 μL) in vehicle andthe solution of G4-NH₂—NHPDP (100 μL) in vehicle was added to this PEGsolution to form the dendrimer-PEG hydrogel (200 μL).

Drug Loading Efficiency

The amount of amoxicillin entrapped in the dendrimer-PEG hydrogels (10%,6% and 3%) was determined by breaking the gel into small pieces andtransferring into 1 mL eppendorf tube filled with PBS (pH 7.4) andsonicated for 10 minutes and washed the hydrogel pieces three times toextract drug. The washings were collected and filtered with 0.2 μmmillipore filter and quantified by a reverse phase (RP) HPLC analysis,using UV detection at a wavelength of 229 nm. Water: acetonitrile wereused as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The difference betweenthe amount of drug taken initially and the drug content in the washingsis the amount of drug entrapped.

In Vitro Drug Release Using Franz Diffusion Cell

For the in-vitro drug release study, jacketed Franz diffusion cells withflat ground joint were used. The membrane was clamped between the donorand receiver chambers of the Franz diffusion cell apparatus with adiameter of 5 mm and a diffusional area of 0.64 cm² and the receptorchamber volume of 5 mL. Nitrocellulose acetate membranes (Millipore,America) with an average pore size of 0.45 μm were used. The receptorchambers filled with PBS (pH=7.4) were maintained at 37° C. in order toensure the body temperature. Drug (Amoxicillin) is well soluble in thechosen receptor medium. Each cell contained a magnetic bar and wasstirred (600 rpm) during the experiment. The cells were equilibrated for1 hour before the samples were mounted. 200 μL samples were taken atpredetermined time points and replaced with equal amount of freshreceptor medium to maintain sink condition. The samples were kept frozenat 4° C. prior to analysis, to quantify the drug release by reversephase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). All samples wererun in triplicates for statistical analysis.

Evaluation of Hydrogel in Pregnant Guinea Pig Model

Pregnant Dunkin-Hartley strain guinea pigs (n=15) (Charles River) at 55days of gestation (third trimester) were anesthetized by inhalation of5.0% Isoflurane in 100% oxygen at a flow rate of 2 L/min in an approvedrodent anesthesia chamber. Surgical-level of anesthesia was maintainedwith 1.5 and 2.0% Isoflurane in 100% oxygen at a flow rate of 1-2 L/minvia a nose cone. An endoscope was used to visualize the cervix. FITClabeled dendrimer-PEG hydrogel (100-500 μL) was injected into the cervixusing i.v. catheter (BD Angiocath, Infusion, Therapy systems Inc. SandyUtah, 16GA 5.25IN, 1.7×133 mm). The pH of the vagina was intermittentlytested by wiping the vaginal fluid using cotton swabs. After singlevaginal application, the vaginal cavity was observed for any signs ofpossible irritation of the vaginal mucosa (edema or redness of tissue).The observations were scored and recorded as follows: no erythema,slight erythema (light pink) and moderate to severe erythema (dark pinkor light red). After 5, 12, 24 and 72 hours intervention, guinea pigswere euthanized with pentobarbital sodium (120 mg/kg) and midlinelaparotomy was performed to expose cervicovaginal region for furtherevaluation. The retention times, biodegradation and tolerability werestudied in-vivo using the guinea pigs. The vaginal and cervical tissueswere used for histopathological evaluation.

Immunofluorescence Histochemistry

An immunofluorescence studies were performed to investigatebiodistribution of the FITC-dendrimer-PEG hydrogel in the cervicovaginaltissues of guinea pig after 24 and 72 hours of treatment. Doubleimmunofluorescent staining was performed on 20 μm thick, paraffinsections of tissues placed on silanized slides. The mucified epithelialcells were identified based on the positive staining for cytokeratin.The immunoflurorescent staining was performed using Ventana Discoveryautostainer for controlled and optimised reaction environment using theautomation-optimized reagents from Ventana Medical Systems Inc. Briefly,paraffin wax sections were loaded onto the Ventana Discovery platformand following steps were completed automatically, these includeddewaxing by EZ prep buffer (Ventana Medical Inc.), pre-treatment inTris/EDTA pH 8.0 antigen retrieval solution (Ventana mCC1) or proteasesolution for 1 hour (Ventana protease 2). Endogenous peroxidase wasinactivated using an enhanced inhibitor provided in the staining kit andnonspecific antibody binding was blocked by treatment with blockingsolution for 10 minutes. The blocking solution was removed and thesections were washed three times with PBS/Tween solution incubated withprimary antibodies for 1 hour using the liquid cover slip (VentanaMedical Inc). The primary antibody used was monoclonal mouse anti-humancytokeratin (1:200, M7018, Dako Carpinteria, Calif., USA). The sectionswere again washed three times with PBS/Tween solution incubated withsecondary antibodies, Alexa Fluor®594 goat anti-mouse IgG (1: 500,A11005, Invitrogen) for 1 hour using the antibody diluent from Ventana.The sections were washed with PBS/Tween, counterstained and mounted withDAPI prolong Gold antifade and cover slipped. Images were captured fromLeica TCS SP5 Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope (Leica MicrosystemsGmbH, Wetzlar, Germany). All study specimens were analyzed by apathologist blinded to the clinical information.

Results and Discussion Synthesis of G4-NH₂—NHPDP

To incorporate the thiol reactive terminal groups on the dendrimer toform hydrogel with 8-arm PEG-SH, the SPDP linkers were covalentlyattached to the dendrimer surface to yield thiopyridine functionalities.It was achieved by reacting amine terminated generation 4 PAMAMdendrimer (for short G4-NH₂) with the heterobifunctional cross-linkerSPDP (Scheme 15). The N-succinimidyl activated ester groups of SPDP werecoupled to the terminal primary amines to form amide-linked2-pyridyldithiopropanoyl (PDP) groups (G4-NH₂—NHPDP) (Scheme 15). The ¹HNMR spectra of G4-NH₂—NHPDP showed presence of protons corresponding tothe aromatic ring of thiopyridyl groups and protons related thedendrimer. The aromatic protons of thiopyridine emerged at 7.20-2.26 (m,1H, Ar), 7.74-7.82 (br.d, 1H, Ar), and 8.15-8.22 (m, 2H, Ar) ppm whilethe other protons appeared at 2.42-2.50 (m, 4H, —CH₂—CH₂—).

Scheme 15 is a schematic representation of the hydrogel formation. Thethiol terminated 8-arm PEG (20 kDa) formed gel at pH 7.4 by reactingwith the dithiopyridine terminal groups of the G4-NH₂—NHPDP resulting indisulfide linkages from PDP, 2.67-2.72 (m, 2H, —CH₂— from interiordendrimer) 2.86-2.92 (m, 1H, —CH₂— from interior dendrimer), 3.03-3.12(m, 1H, —CH₂— from interior dendrimers) 8.38-8.45 (br.d, 1H, NH, frominterior amide protons), and 8.52-8.59 (br.d, 1H, NH, from interioramide protons) ppm as seen in the ¹H NMR spectra of G4-NH₂—NHPDP. Dataindicates the presence of thiopyridine (PDP) groups in the G4-NH₂—NHPDPdendrimer. These results are consistent with ¹³C NMR data, furtheraffirmed by DSC analysis of the G4-NH-PDP. The G4-NH₂ dendrimer showed aT_(g) at −28° C., which is in good agreement with previously reportedvalues. G4-NH₂—NH-PDP exhibited T_(g) at 21.4° C. and an endotherm at109.6° C. (FIG. 10). The difference in the T_(g) values between G4-NH₂and G4-NH₂—NH-PDP can be attributed to the PDP groups covalently boundto the dendrimer. The endotherm observed in case of G4-NH₂—NH-PDPconjugate further confirms successful modification of dendrimer with PDPfunctionalities, which is consistent with previous reported results. TheG4-NH₂—NHPDP conjugate equipped with PDPcrosslinkers was used tofabricate dendrimer-PEG hydrogel with 8-arm-PEG-SH (G4-NH₂—NHPDP-SSPEG).The partial modification of primary amines of G4-NH₂ dendrimer resultingin formation of G4-NH₂—NH-PDP was carried out to enable the linking ofPEG chains to the dendrimer by formation of disulfide bonds.

FIG. 10 shows the DSC thermogram of G4-NH₂—NH-PDP shows the T_(g) at21.4° C. and an endotherm at 109.6° C. The increase in T_(g) to 21.4° C.from −28° C. indicates modification of dendrimer with PDP groups.

Hydrogel Formation

In-situ forming hydrogels with disulfide crosslinks were investigatedfor intravaginal amoxicillin delivery. These hydrogels were designed forlocal delivery of antibacterial agents to treat the ascending genitalinfections. Hydrogels composed of 3, 6 and 10% w/v of the polymers wereformed by mixing the solutions of G4-NH₂—NH-PDP and 8-arm PEG-SH,resulting in covalent disulfide crosslinks arising from the interactionof thiol groups of the PEG-SH with the thiopyridine functionalitiespresent on the dendrimer surface (G4-NH₂—NH-PDP) (Table 4). The hydrogelresults from intermolecular crosslinking as shown in Scheme 15. For theformation of hydrogels, the crosslinking agent (G4-NH₂—NH-PDP) was usedin an excess of molar ratio (in terms of the functional groups) relativeto PEG-SH (Table 4). The hydrogels were formed in 10-30 seconds ofmixing the dendrimer conjugate and PEG-SH solutions as seen from theinverted tube method, and obtained gels were not pourable (FIG. 11).Higher polymers concentration resulted in increase of the rate of gelformation

FIG. 11 shows the in-situ forming hydrogel by crosslinking ofG4-NH₂—NH-PDP with 8-arm-PEG-SH. The gel was formed by reaction of ‘PDP’groups of G4-NH₂—NH-PDP with 8-arm-PEG-SH (1) and (2) hydrogel (1)physically entrapping blue dextran. (Table 4). The rapid formation ofhydrogels with the increased concentration of polymers might be due torapid creation of intense crosslinking networks, reducing the time forgelation. For example 10% hydrogel formed in 10 seconds, whileformatation of 3% hydrogel takes 30 seconds. Hydrogels appeared to betransparent, with uniform surface. The hydrogels were designed tofacilitate linking of PEG-SH chains to the partially modifiedG4-NH₂—NH-PDP dendrimer. The linking of PEG chains by disulfide bondswas expected to eliminate cytotoxicity of the primary amine terminateddendrimer. Pegylated dendrimers have been shown to be biocompatible

Table 4 shows hydrogel compositions and stoichiometric ratio betweenthiopyridine and thiol groups

Stoichiometric Weight of ratio of Gela- % of Hydro- polymer thiopyridinetion Total Hydro- gel and ratio groups to thiol Time Polymer gel volume(1:1) groups (s) content 3% 200 μL G4-NH₂- (2:1) 30 3% NHPDP(3 mg) +PEG-SH(3 mg)(1:1) 6% 200 μL G4-NH₂—NH- (2:1) 20 6% PDP(3 mg) + PEG-SH(3mg)(1:1) 10%  200 μL G4-NH₂—NH- (2:1) 10 10%  PDP(3 mg) + PEG-SH(3mg)(1:1)and the in-vivo studies, discussed herein, show that the gels were welltolerable without any toxic effects.

Morphology of the Hydrogel

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) experiments were performed to studythe surface morphology of dendrimer-PEG hydrogel (FIG. 12). SEMmicrographs of critical point dried gels show a uniform dense structurewith striations. The SEM experiments were performed on a dehydratedsample that exhibited significant reduction in volume compared to thehydrated state. It is likely that the water hydrated dendrimer-PEGhydrogel adopts a dense structure with regular cross linking networkthroughout the gel. The cross section of the hydrogels was investigatedby crosslinking the G4-NH₂—FITC—NHPDP and 8-arm PEG-SH. The crosssection observed under the confocal microscopy shows an isotropichydrogel that exhibits a classic uniform morphology with pores seen inFIG. 13. A characteristic change in morphology based on changes inpolymer content in the hydrogel was observed (FIG. 13). The 3% hydrogeldoes not form a dense crosslinked network as seen for the 6 and 10%gels. By introducing the different concentration PEG and dendrimer inthe hydrogels, the porosity of the network changed, pore size isgradually decreased by increasing the concentration of polymer. Theseresults suggest that dehydration of gels for SEM leads to artifact inthe highly water-saturated gels, their morphology can be better viewedby cryo-sectioning the gels with the presence of fluoresceinisothiocynate (FITC).

FIGS. 12A-C show the SEM images of dendrimer G4-NH₂—NHPDP crosslinkedwith 8-PEG-SH gel (FIG. 12A) 200 μm (FIG. 12B) 50 μm (FIG. 12C) 20 μm.These gels were dehydrated by lyophilization.

FIGS. 13A-C show hydrogel labeled with FITC to demonstrate the porestructure of the gel. By introducing the different concentration ofpolymer in the hydrogels, crosslinking density gradually increased byincreasing the concentration of polymer. 3% hydrogel (FIG. 13A), 6%hydrogel (FIG. 13B) 10% hydrogel (FIG. 13C) shows the cross linkingnetwork changes with increasing polymer concentration, scale barrepresents 50 μm.

Effect of Formulation Additives

The G4-NH₂—NHPDP and 8-arm-PEG-SH crosslinked hydrogels were formulatedwith glycerin (5%, v/v), PVP (4%, w/w) and PEG 600 (5%, v/v). Thevaginal musoca is moist and at any given time the volume of the vaginalfluid is less than 1 mL and there is a possibility of fluid beingreabsorbed. The studied hydrogels were placed in a vaginal environmentwith relatively low water content. The formulation additives wereincorporated in the hydrogel to prevent it from becoming brittle anddehydrated. Glycerin and PEG 600 was incorporated in the hydrogels sincethey act as humectant and help maintain gels in plasticized supple form.The humectant properties of glycerin and PEG 600 are well known. PVP wasincorporated in the gel to provide mucoadhesive property and to increaseviscosity of the gel forming solutions to prevent their leak outside thecavity during instillation and formation of crosslinked hydrogels. Useof PVP in vaginal gels for enhancing the mucoadhesive properties is wellknown. The optimal concentration of the additives to prevent brittlenessand increase retention time on vaginal mucosa for prolonged periods oftime was found to be glycerin (5%, v/v), PVP (4%, w/w) and PEG 600 (5%,v/v).

Thermal Analysis

The thermal behavior of the dendrimer-PEG hydrogel components and thehydrogel was investigated by DSC analysis. The DSC thermograms ofdendrimer-PEG hydrogels, G4-NH₂—NHPDP, 8-arm-PEG-SH, are shown in FIG.14A. 8-arm-PEG-SH exhibits an endotherm at 51.7° C. (FIG. 14A (e)). TheT_(g) of G4-NH₂ dendrimer was −28° C. and G4-NH₂—NHPDP showed thepresence of an endothermic peak at 109.3° C. with a T_(g) at 21.4° C.(FIG. 14A (a)). The DSC profiles show that after dendrimer was convertedto its PDP derivative, the T_(g) shifted, indicating an altered polymermicrostructure. When comparing the profiles of G4-NH₂—NHPDP and8-arm-PEG-SH, the crosslinking of the two polymers clearly produced anew material having a microstructure different from either of its twocomponents. In case of hydrogels the T_(g) was found to be higher thanthat observed for the G4-NH₂—NHPDP, e.g. the 3% hydrogel exhibited atT_(g) of 34.7° C. and the 10% and 6% hydrogels displayed a T_(g) at35.3° C. The 3, 6 and 10% hydrogels exhibited the endotherms at 39.2,45.9 and 46.8° C. respectively which was lower than that observed forthe 8-arm PEG-SH (51.7° C.). The intermolecular crosslinking of thepolymer chains results in reduced mobility (resulting in increasedT_(g)), and these polymer chains cannot reorient to form a highlyordered crystalline structure (lowered melting point). The addition ofglycerin, PVP and PEG 600 lowered the endotherms of 3%, 6% and 10%hydrogels when compared to hydrogels without additives (FIG. 14B). Thehydrogels with PEG 600 showed a characteristic endotherm between 15.6 to14.3° C. in addition to the endotherm (37.9 to 38.9° C.) correspondingto 8-arm PEG-SH (FIG. 14B). The structural characteristics of both PEGhydrogel and dendrimer are seen in the dendrimer-PEG hydrogels.

FIG. 14A showed the DSC thermograms for the 3, 6 and 10% dendrimer-PEGhydrogels. (FIG. 14A) Hydrogels without formulation additives (absenceof glycerin, PVP and PEG600), The 8-arm PEG-SH (e) shows an endotherm at51.7° C., which is lowered upon crosslinking with G4-NH₂—NH-PDP as seenin curves (b), (c) and (d) for 3, 6 and 10% hydrogels respectively (FIG.14B) Hydrogels with formulation additives (glycerin, PVP and PEG 600).In addition to the endotherms corresponding to 8armPEG-SH (37.9 to 38.9°C.) in hydrogels, an endotherm for PEG 600 is seen between 15.6 to 14.3°C.

Degradation of Hydrogels

The hydrogels investigated in the current study are biodegradable innature. Their degradation was evaluated in simulated vaginal fluid andbuffer since they were designed for intravaginal and intracervicalapplication. The disulfide crosslinks in the hydrogels were used to leadto its slow degradation and easy self washout from the body orifice. Thefemale reproductive tract secretions are rich in glutathione andglutathione transferase. GSH levels range between 28-284 mg in humancervical secretions. The disulfide linkages or crosslinks present in thegel are cleavable in presence of GSH. Thiol-disulfide exchange is achemical reaction in which a thiolate group S⁻ attacks one of the sulfuratom of a disulfide bond —S—S—. Under basic or mild acidic conditionsGSH is known to act as thiolate moiety and it gets oxidized whilecleaving disulfide bonds. These reactions are facilitated at higherbasic pH. Since vaginal pH is low (3.8-4.5) it was expected thatdisulfide bonds present in the hydrogels would undergo a slowdegradation in vaginal environment. The in-vitro experiments showed thathydrogels were stable up to 3 days upon exposure to GSH solution at a pH4.0, and in simulated vaginal fluid, and did not show any signs ofdegradation as seen in FIG. 15A. After 72 hours the gels started todegrade and erode in both the solutions. This is consistent with thein-vivo degradation pattern, which is discussed in the subsequentsections. The chromatograms (what kind of SEC or HPLC) of the GSHsolutions containing hydrogels did not show generation of any peaksuntil 50 hours (data not shown). After 65 hours the presence of fewsmall peaks could be seen, which is attributed to breakdown of the gelinto the smaller polymer components. The slow degradation of hydrogel isexpected over time and would release the polymer components. The G4-NH₂dendrimers exhibit antibacterial activity by altering bacterial cellwalls. The G4-NH₂—NHPDP dendrimer is present in hydrogels has unmodifiedamine groups and was therefore expected to act as antibacterial agents.The antibacterial activity of partially pegylated amine terminateddendrimers is well known. Hence the hydrogels of the present studyexhibit dual antibacterial mechanism attributed to the slow release ofthe amoxicillin followed by release of partially amine terminated G4dendrimer.

FIG. 15A shows the dendrimer-PEG hydrogels exposed to the GSH solutionsat pH 4.0 are stable up to 72 hours. FIG. 15A shows the intact gel after72 hours of treatment with GSH solution at pH 4, FIG. 15B the gel insimulated vaginal fluid with GSH.

Degree of Swelling

The degree of hydrogels swelling was measured gravimetrically,calculating the equilibrium swelling obtained by comparing the ratios ofthe weights of the dry and water-swollen hydrogels over the time course.The degree of hydrogels swelling influences the pore size which affectsthe mechanical strength of the hydrogels and the drug releaseproperties. The 3% hydrogel showed higher swelling when compared to 6%and 10% gels. The equilibrium swelling state was reached for the 3, 6and 10% hydrogels at 10, 7 and 6 hours respectively. The observedpattern is attributed to the increased cross-linking density inhydrogels containing higher polymer concentration. In the confocalmicroscopy studies it was observed that the crosslinking density in 3%hydrogel was low as compared to the 6 and 10% and the swelling resultsin good agreement with this observation

Drug Loading Efficiency

Amoxicillin was physically entrapped in the in-situ forming gels.Amoxicillin was dissolved in the 8-arm PEG solution and mixed with theG4-NH₂—NHPDP solution to form the gel. The theoretical amounts of drugused for entrapment were 0.50 mg in 200 μL of hydrogel formulation (3, 6and 10%). The drug extracts from the hydrogel were quantified by reversephase (RP) HPLC analysis with UV detection at a wavelength of 229 nmusing water: acetonitrile as mobile phase. The amount of drug entrappedin the 3, 6 and 10% w/v hydrogels was 52, 45 and 41% respectively. The3% gels showed relatively higher drug loading efficiency compared to the6 and 10% gels. This difference could be attributed to highercrosslinking density in gels with higher polymer concentration andreduced pores size.

In Vitro Drug Release

The in vitro drug release profiles from three different hydrogelformulations were studied using Franz diffusion cells. The plot ofcumulative amount of drug released (mg/cm²) as a function of time(hours) from the three different types of hydrogels is presented in FIG.16A. The drug release plot shows that amoxicillin release was sustainedfor 260 hours with a release of 72%, 63%, 51% from 3%, 6% and 10%hydrogels respectively. A relatively slower drug release was observedfrom 10% hydrogel when compared to 3% hydrogel. This result isconsistent with the lower swelling of the 10% hydrogel, which isattributed to the high crosslinking density in polymer network obtainedfor higher polymer concentrations, leading to smaller pores size. Theplot of percentage drug released verses time was used to determine therelease mechanism (FIG. 16B). The data (first 60% of the amount release)was fitted to explain the release mechanism and pattern using the Peppasequation as follows:

$\begin{matrix}{\frac{M_{t}}{M_{\infty}} = {kt}^{n}} & \left( {{eq}.\mspace{14mu} I} \right)\end{matrix}$

Where M_(t)/M_(∞) is the fraction of drug released, ‘k’ is a kinetic(proportionality) constant dependent on the system, ‘t’ is the timeperiod for release, and ‘n’ is the diffusion exponent indicative of therelease mechanism for matrices of various shapes and swelling patterns.In the case of Fickian release, the exponent ‘n’ has a limiting value of0.50, 0.45, and 0.43 from slabs, cylinders, and spheres, respectively.The values of ‘n’ and ‘k’ are inversely related, and a higher value of‘k’ suggests a burst release of drug from matrix. The values ofdiffusional exponent are shown in Table 5. At higher polymerconcentration (10%) the drug release mechanism seems to approach theFickian diffusion with n=0.49, while the lower polymer concentrationsexhibit non Fickian release mechanism.

TABLE 5 Determination of flux, diffusional exponent (n) and permeabilitycoefficient for hydrogels % w/v Diffusion Permeability Hydro- Flux (J)exponent Coefficient (P) gels (mg cm⁻² s⁻¹) × 10⁻⁷ (n) (cm · h⁻¹) × 10⁻⁶3% 4.72 0.20 1.81 6% 4.16 0.25 1.85 10%  3.88 0.49 1.89Permeation parameters were obtained from the cumulative amounts of drugpermeated (mg cm⁻²) as a function of time (hours). The steady state flux(J) representing the absorption rate per unit area was determined fromthe slope of the linear portion of the plots. In all experiments samenumber of data points was taken to calculate the steady state flux. Thepermeability constant (P) was calculated according to Fick's first lawof diffusion, based on the steady state flux and the applied drugconcentration (Ci) on the donor side. The permeability coefficients werededuced, dividing the flux by the initial drug load (Ci) as shown inequation:

$\begin{matrix}{J = \frac{Q}{{t} \cdot A}} & \left( {{eq}.\mspace{14mu} {II}} \right) \\{P = \frac{J}{Ci}} & \left( {{eq}.\mspace{14mu} {III}} \right)\end{matrix}$

FIG. 16A shows a cumulative amount of amoxicillin released with respectto time (hours) across per cm² area for 3, 6 and 10% hydrogels and FIG.16B) shows a cumulative amount of amoxicillin released with respect totime. The release mechanism was found to be non-fickian for 3 and 6%hydrogels while for 10% hydrogels it approached fickian diffusion.

The flux, diffusional exponent and permeability coefficient arecollected in Table 5. The flux and permeability was found to decreasewith the increase in the polymer concentration. This is due to theincreased crosslinking density and lower swelling of the hydrogels athigher polymer content. Observed result is consistent with the lowerdrug release rate at higher polymer concentrations. At higher PEGconcentrations (20-45% w/v) the PEG hydrogels exhibit 10 folds higherflux as compared to the dendrimer-PEG hydrogels. This indicates that thePEG-dendrimer hydrogel forms a tighter network in comparison to the PEGcrosslinked hydrogels. Investigated dendrimer-PEG hydrogels aretherefore expected to sustain the drug release efficiently.

In-Vivo Testing of Hydrogel Formulations in Guinea Pig Model

Vaginal distribution, retention, biodegradation and tolerability of gelsare important parameters to achieve sustained residence in the bodycavity. Discussed intravaginal gels were developed to treat theascending genital infections during pregnancy. Since the gel is in-situforming, permeation and transport of the gel (PEG and G4-NH₂—NH-PDPpolymers) across the fetal membranes into the fetus was investigated.The 10% w/v gels were used for in-vivo testing as these were found tosustain the drug release for longer times as compared to 3 and 6% gels.The volume of the gel for intravaginal application was determined byinjecting the samples 100 μL to 500 μL. The ideal volume for applicationwas found to be 200 μL and any volume above that resulted in leaking ofthe gel material outside the vagina. Similar volumes for intravaginalgels in guinea pigs were reported. The hydrogels without formulationadditives exhibited short residence times and were leaked out as brittleparticles after 24 hours. The gels with formulation additives (glycerin,PVP and PEG 600) were retained in the cervicovaginal region at least upto 72 hours, the end point used in this protocol. The incorporation ofPVP in the gels provides the mucoadhesive effect. FIG. 17 shows thepresence of gel after 5, 12, 24 and 72 hours of application. The visualexamination revealed that 200 μL gel volume was sufficient to cover thecervicovaginal region. The gel could be seen in the cervicovaginalregion in the early hours after application (5 and 12 hours) and the gelwas retained in this region even at later time points (24 to 72 hours).The gel was found to slowly degrade with change in morphology and theeroded material was seen on the fetal membranes of the pups positionedvery close to the cervix (FIG. 18A). The gel was not seen on any otherpup (fetus) positioned away from the cervix. It is interesting to notethat the gels with disulfide bonds exhibited a slow degradation in-vivoin vaginal environment. This observation is similar to the in-vitrodegradation study in simulated vaginal fluid with GSH at pH 4. The gelcomponents remained on the surface of the fetal membranes withouttransport across the membranes (FIGS. 18A and 18B). The G4-NH₂—NHPDPdendrimer conjugate released due to degradation of the gel is not seenacross the fetal membrane. The pups did not show traces of gel on furafter removal of the fetal membranes (FIG. 18C) indicating that the geldoes not cross across the fetal membranes and can be used for theselective local treatment of the pregnant mother without transfer to thefetus. The previous ex-vivo studies in human fetal membranes showed thatthe transport of FITC labeled G4-NH₂ dendrimer is restricted across themembrane. Presented in-vivo results combined with the previous ex-vivostudies indicate that the hydrogels formed using the G4-NH₂—NH-PDP and8-arm-PEG-SH do not cross the fetal membranes and could be used for theselective local treatment of pregnant woman without transfer to thefetus. The pH of vagina was tested after 5 hours, 12 hours and 24 hoursof hydrogels application, using the swabs. No change in pH was observedafter application of the gel. The investigated hydrogels were formedrapidly in-situ and they absorb buffer in which they were formed withoutaffecting pH of vagina. None of the animals showed any discomfort afterapplication of gel, none of the animals aborted in 72 hours. The visualexamination of the vaginal tissues showed no signs of edema andirritation and the gels were well tolerated by the animals.

FIGS. 17A-D show the intravaginal and intracervical application ofin-situ forming dendrimer-PEG hydrogels in the pregnant guinea pigs. Thegreen arrows mark the presence of hydrogel on the tissue (FIG. 17A) day1: hydrogel after 5 hours of application, (FIG. 17B) day 1: hydrogelafter 12 hours of application (FIG. 17C) day 2: 24 hours after hydrogelapplication (FIG. 17D) day 3: 72 hours after hydrogel application, where‘C’=cervix, V=vaginal cavity, U=uterus with pups. The hydrogel isretained in the cervix and vaginal cavity for 2 days and on day 3 it'sseen largely in the vaginal cavity of pregnant guinea pigs.

FIGS. 18A-C show the dendrimer-PEG hydrogels after intravaginal andintracervical application in pregnant guinea pigs do not cross the fetalmembrane and enter into the gestational (sac) cavity. (FIG. 18A) day 3:hydrogel seen on the fetal membrane of the pup positioned close to thecervix, the green arrows mark the presence of fetal membrane on the pup,the black arrows show the presence of gel outside of the fetal membrane(FIG. 18B) the pup covered in fetal membrane with hydrogel on top of thefetal membrane (FIG. 18C) the pup after removal of the fetal membraneshowing no signs of hydrogel on the fur or inside the fetal membrane.

The histological evaluation of the uterus and cervicovaginal epitheliallayer shows that the cell layer was not disrupted and no morphologicalchanges were observed in the cells after 24 and 72 hours treatment withhydrogels (FIGS. 19A-I; see Brief Description for additional detail).The epithelial layer of the control tissue and the 24 and 72 hourstissue with hydrogel treatment appear comparable. There are no signs ofsloughing of the epithelial cells into the lumen, inflammation or edemaof the epithelium. The submucosal tissues after hydrogel treatment (24and 72 hours) did not show any signs of necrosis or massive infiltrationof the inflammatory cells. The cervical tissues show presence of thesuperficial mucous cell layer and after treatment with hydrogels thetissues do not show any signs of sloughing of the superficial mucouslayer.

FIGS. 19A-I show the hemotoxylin and eosin stained histological sectionsof uterus (U), upper cervix (Ucx) and cervix (Cx) of guinea pig treatedwith the hydrogels for 24 hours and 72 hours (n=3 per group). Theepithelial cell lining in all the tissues is intact and does not showany signs of inflammation and edema. The submucosa of hydrogel treatedcervix after 24 and 72 hours is comparable to the control. None of thetissues showed any signs of epithelial sloughing, necrosis in thesubmucosa or massive infiltration of inflammatory cells. EP=epithelialcells, SE=subepithelium, SM=submucosa, M=muscular layer EGC=endometrialgland cells, UC=uterus control, U24 and 72 hours=hydrogel treated uterus24 and 74 hours, UCxC=control upper cervix, UCx24 and 72 hours=hydrogeltreated upper cervix 24 and 74 hours, Cx-C=cervix control, Cx24 and 72hours=hydrogel treated cervix 24 and 74 hours (40× magnification).

FIGS. 20A-F show the confocal images of the cervical region of pregnantguinea pigs treated with hydrogels for 24 (FIGS. 20A and 20D) and 72hours (FIGS. 20B and 20E). The in-situ forming hydrogel comprisingFITC-G4-NH-PDP crosslinked with 8-arm PEG-SH was applied to thecervicovaginal region. The hydrogel (green color) is seen on the surfaceof the mucosal layer (red color). The confocal images after 24 and 72hours confirm the presence of the gel on the tissue surface. The nucleifor all cells are stained blue with DAPI. There is no sign of thedegraded gel into the subepithelial or submucosal layers. EP=epitheliallayer, SE=subepithelial layer, ML=mucified epithelial layer (FIGS. 20Cand 20F).

No signs of atropy of the epithelial cell layer or the superficialmucous layer were observed after the hydrogel treatment for 72 hours.The animals treated with hydrogels did not show any signs of thickeningof the mucous cell layer when compared to the control animal (FIG. 19A).These results suggested that the animals were tolerant to the gels andno untoward reaction was exhibited. The residence of the gel on themucified epithelial cells of the cervicovaginal region was furtherconfirmed from the histological evaluation of immunohistofluorescenceimages (FIGS. 20A-F). The fluorescent gel comprising G4-NH₂—FITC—NHPDPcrosslinked with 8-arm PEG-SH was used for this investigation and thecross sections of the vagina and cervix show the presence of fluorescentgel (green color) on the mucified epithelial layer (red) marked positivewith anticytokeratin. The presence of gel is apparent at time points 24and 72 hours respectively. The immunohistofluorescence images of thefetal membrane and the uterus at 72 hours do not show the presence ofthe gel across these tissues (FIGS. 21A-B), as seen by the absence ofthe fluorescent green. These results confirm that the gel components areprimarily located on the epithelial surface of cervical region and donot cross into deeper tissue. The ascending bacterial infection causeschorioamnionitis which is associated with development of cerebral palsy,a motor disorder in children due to stimulation of proinflammatorycytokines causing white matter damage and fetal brain injury. The localdelivery of antibiotics in the cervicovaginal region is preferredtherapy for the treatment of these infections.

FIGS. 21A-B show the confocal images of the fetal membrane and uterus ofguinea pigs treated with hydrogels for 72 hours. The in-situ forminghydrogel comprising G4-NH₂—FITC—NHPDP crosslinked with 8-arm PEG-SH wasapplied to the cervicovaginal region. The cross section of the uterus(FIG. 21A) and the fetal membrane (FIG. 21B) do not show presence ofhydrogel or degraded hydrogel across the tissue.

The hydrogels exhibited long residence times of at least 72 hours andwere very well tolerated by the tissues. The hydrogels exhibit dualantibacterial activity by the release of amoxicillin followed by therelease of partially modified amine terminated dendrimer due todegradation of the hydrogels. Dendrimers with amine terminations exhibitantibacterial activity. The covalent linking of the dendrimer to the PEGovercomes the cytotoxicity associated with the dendrimer which is welldocumented. These findings are significant as the dendrimers in the sizerange 5 to 6 nm do not cross the human fetal membranes which separatethe extra-amniotic cavity and the fetus, and could be used for the localintravaginal delivery of pregnant woman. The overall findings of thepresent study suggest that the proposed hydrogels offer an excellentdegradable drug delivery system which exhibits sustained local deliveryof the antibacterial agents intravaginally to the pregnant motherwithout transfer to the fetus.

CONCLUSIONS

Drug therapy during pregnancy is challenging, and effective ways toselectively treat the pregnant woman without affecting the fetus arealways desired. Topical delivery of therapeutic agents is favored totreat ascending genital infections in pregnant women. Biodegradablein-situ forming hydrogels obtained by crosslinking of G4-NH₂—FITC—NHPDPdendrimer and 8-arm PEG via formation of disulfide bridges is described.Amoxcillin release from these hydrogels (3, 6 and 10% w/v) is sustainedfor more than 240 hours and the release approaches Fickian diffusionpattern from the 10% w/v hydrogels. The in-vivo evaluation of thehydrogels using pregnant guinea pig model shows that gels are very welltolerated by the animals and no signs of change in vaginal pH anderythema are observed up to 72 hours. The gel volume of 100-200 μl wasfound to sufficiently cover the entire cervicovaginal region as seen byvisual examination. The gels exhibited a slow degradation in-vivo at thevaginal pH and the degraded gel was retained in the maternal tissueswithout transfer across the fetal membranes. These results wereconfirmed by visual and immunohistofluorescence images of tissues whichshowed that the gel is largely retained in the superficial mucifiedepithelial cells. The histopathological evaluation of the vaginal andthe cervical tissues showed absence of epithelial cell edema, necrosisand infiltration of inflammatory cells in the subepithelial andsubmucosal tissues. There were no signs of sloughing of the superficialepithelial cell layer after application of the hydrogels. The morphologyof the tissues treated with the hydrogels for 24 and 72 hours wascomparable to that of the control tissues. The overall results confirmthat the gels were very well tolerated by the animals and none of theanimals aborted in 72 hours after application of gels. The in-situforming hydrogels of the present invention offer therapeutic approachesto provide localized selective treatment of the pregnant woman withascending genital infections without adverse effects to the fetus.

Throughout this application, author and year and patents by numberreference various publications, including United States patents. Fullcitations for the publications are listed below. The disclosures ofthese publications and patents in their entireties are herebyincorporated by reference into this application in order to more fullydescribe the state of the art to which this invention pertains.

The invention has been described in an illustrative manner, and it is tobe understood that the terminology, which has been used herein, isintended to be in the nature of words of description rather than oflimitation.

Obviously, many modifications and variations of the present inventionare possible in light of the above teachings. It is, therefore, to beunderstood that within the scope of the described invention, theinvention can be practiced otherwise than as specifically described.

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TABLE 1 Library of PAMAM dendrimers with asymmetrical peripheral endgroups obtained by Amino Acid Surface Modifications Dendrimer generationand Deprotection Peripheral S.No end group Amino Acid h/HydrolysisFunctionality Structure  1 G4—PAMAM—NH₂ Boc-Ser-OH — OH, NHBoc

 2 G4—PAMAM—NH₂ Boc-Ser-OH Boc OH, NH₂

 3 G4—PAMAM—NH₂ Boc-Cys-OH — SH, NHBoc

 4 G4—PAMAM—NH₂ Boc-Cys-OH Boc SH, NH₂

 5 G3.5—PAMAM—COOH H-Ser-OMe — OH, COOMe

 6 G3.5—PAMAM—COOH H-Ser-OMe Me OH, COOH

 7 G4—PAMAM—OH Boc-Cys-OH — SH, NHBoc

 8 G4—PAMAM—OH Boc-Cys-OH Boc SH, NH₂

 9 G4—PAMAM—OH Boc-Asp-OH — NHBoc, COOH

10 G4—PAMAM—OH Boc-Cys(S-TP)—OH — NHBoc, S-TP

11 G4—PAMAM—OH Boc-Cys(S-TP)—OH Boc NH₂, S-TP

TABLE 2 Molecular weight estimation of amino acid modified PAMAMdendrimers No of Total hetero- amino bi-functional Purity of SolubilityName of the acids peripheral % compound Aqueous/ compound Mol. wtattached groups Conversion in % DMSO G4-PAMAM- 24.5 kDa 58 116 (58 + 58)91 98 DMSO NH—CO- soluble Ser(OH)-NHBoc G4-PAMAM- 18.7 kDa* 58 116 (58 +58) 91 96 H₂O NH—CO- soluble Ser(OH)-NH₂ G4-PAMAM- 24.8 kDa 55 110 (55 +55) 86 96 DMSO NH—CO- soluble Cys(SH)-NHBoc G4-PAMAM- 19.3 kDa* 55 110(55 + 55) 86 95 H₂O NH—CO- soluble Cys(SH)-NH₂ G3.5-PAMAM- 17.2 kDa 57114 (57 + 57) 89 97 DMSO CO—NH- soluble Ser(OH)- COOMe G3.5-PAMAM- 15.9kDa* 57 114 (57 + 57) 89 96 H₂O CO—NH- soluble Ser(OH)-COOH G4-PAMAM-25.0 kDa* 56 112 (64 + 64) 87.5 96 DMSO O—CO- soluble Cys(SH)- NH-BocG4-PAMAM- 19.2 kDa 46  92 (46 + 46) 72 98% H₂O O—CO- soluble Cys(SH)-NH₂ G4-PAMAM- 25.7 kDa* 56 112 (56 + 56) 87.5 95% DMSO O—CO- solubleAsp(COOH)- NH—Boc G4-PAMAM- 18.99 kDa 46  92 (46 + 46) 72 96% H₂O O—CO-soluble Asp(COOH)- NH₂ G4-PAMAM- 26.8 kDa 42  84 (46 + 46) 65.6 97% DMSOO—CO- soluble Cys(S-TP)- NH—Boc G4-PAMAM- 25.5 kDa 38  76 (38 + 38) 5995% DMSO O—CO- soluble Cys(S-TP)- NH₂ *Molecular weight determined byMALDI-TOF

TABLE 3 Particle size and zeta potential hetero-bifunctional dendrimersSample Particle diameter Zeta Potential Name of the sample (nm) (mV)G4-PAMAM-NH₂ 4.70 +11.5 G3.5-PAMAM-COOH 4.20 −9.30 G4-PAMAM-OH 4.78−2.10 G4-PAMAM-NH-Ser(OH)-NH₂ 5.65 −1.83 G4-PAMAM-NH-Cys(SH)-NH₂ 6.21+4.80 G3.5-PAMAM-CO-Ser(OH)-COOH 6.56 +8.83 G4-PAMAM-OH-Cys(SH)-NH₂ 6.013.60 G4-PAMAM-Asp(COOH)-NH₂ 5.59 +1.51Schemes 1-2. Schematic representation for synthesis ofG4-PAMAM-NH—CO-Ser(OH)—NHBoc (3), and G4-PAMAM-NH—CO-Cys(SH)—NHBoc (6)Compounds (3 and 6) show the conversion of symmetric peripheral aminesof G4-PAMAM-NH₂ (1) into hetero bifunctional terminal groups ‘OH+NHBoc’and ‘SH+NHBoc’ respectively. The compounds (3, 6) on deprotection of Bocgroup gave OH+NH₂’ and ‘SH+NH₂’ respectively.

Schemes 3-4. Schematic representation for synthesis ofG3.5-PAMAM-CO—NH-Ser(OH)—COOMe (10) and G4-PAMAM-O—CO-Cys(SH)—NHBoc (13)Compounds (10 and 13) show the conversion of symmetric peripheral acidof G3.5-PAMAM-NH₂ (8) into hetero bifunctional terminal groups‘COOMe+OH’ and ‘SH+NHBoc’ respectively. The compounds 10, 13 was furtherhydrolysis of methyl ester and Boc gave compounds ‘COOH+OH’ and ‘SH+NH₂’respectively.

Scheme 5. Schematic representation for the post-functionalizationreactions of hetero-bifunctional dendrimers showing conjugation ofmultiple drugs and or imaging agents in immediate succession.G4-PAMAM-O-Asp(COOH)—NH₂ (17) dendrimer bearing COOH and NH₂ termini wassynthesized. Dexamethasone was conjugated to G4-PAMAM-O-Asp(COOH)—NH₂(16) and indomethacin was added to achieve G4-PAMAM-O-Asp(CO-Dex)-NH-Ind(22). Similarly, FITC was conjugated in immediate succession toG4-PAMAM-O-Asp(CO-Dex)-NH₂ (20) to yield G4-PAMAM-O-Asp(CO-Dex)-NH—FITC(24).Scheme 6. Schematic representation for the post-functionalizationreactions of hetero-bifunctional dendrimers showing conjugation of drug(e.g. dexamethasone) to one functional handle while the other functionalhandle is used for hydrogel formation (26) with N-hydroxysuccinmideterminated 8-arm-polyethylene glycol (25).Scheme 7. Schematic representation for the formation of hydrogelinvolving one of the functional handles of theG4-PAMAM-O—CO-Cys(S-TP)—NH₂ dendrimer while the ‘NH₂’ handle isavailable for further modifications. The thiol terminated 8arm PEG (20kDa) formed gel at pH 7.4 by reacting with the thiopyridine terminationsof the G4-PAMAM-O—CO-Cys(S-TP)—NH₂ resulting in disulfide linkages.

Scheme-8. G4-NH—CO-Cys(S-TP) cross linked with 8-arm-PEG-SH to formdendrimer-PEG nanogel (or nanopartcles)

Scheme-9. G4-NH-PDP cross linked with 8-arm-PEG-SH to form G4-FITCencapsulated dendrimer-PEG nanogel (or nanopartcles).Scheme-10: FITC-G4-NH-PDP cross linked with 8-arm-PEG-SH to formdendrimer-PEG nanogel (or nanopartcles)

Scheme-11: HBVS cross linked with G4-O-Cys(SH)—NH—FITC and 8-arm-PEG-SHto form dendrimer-PEG nanogel (or nanopartcles)

Scheme-12: FITC-G4-NH-Mal cross linked with 8-arm-PEG-SH to formdendrimer-PEG nanogel (or nanopartcles)Scheme-13: G4-O—CO-Cys(S-Tp)-NH₂ cross linked with Meo-PEG-SH to formdendrimer-PEG nanogel (or nanopartcles)Scheme-14: G4-O—CO-Cys(SH)—NH₂ cross linked with PDP-PEG-PDP to formdendrimer-PEG nanogel (or nanopartcles)

Scheme 15 Schematic representation for the formation of hydrogel. Thethiol terminated 8-arm PEG (20 kDa) formed gel at pH 7.4 by reactingwith the dithiopyridine terminations of the G4-NH-PDP resulting indisulfide linkages.

1-35. (canceled)
 36. A composition comprising a poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM)dendrimer covalently conjugated via a terminal functional group to anamino acid linker, wherein the amino acid linker after conjugation tothe dendrimer comprises at least two different chemical reactive groups.37. The composition of claim 36, wherein each of the chemical reactivegroups is conjugated to a functional moiety, optionally via one or morespacers, and wherein the functional moiety is selected from the groupconsisting of a polymer, a drug, an imaging agent, and a targetingmoiety.
 38. The composition of claim 36, wherein the terminal functionalgroup of the dendrimer is selected from the group consisting of amine,carboxylic acid, and hydroxyl.
 39. The composition of claim 36, whereinthe amino acid linker comprises an amino acid selected from the groupconsisting of serine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, threonine,tyrosine, and derivatives thereof.
 40. The composition of claim 39,wherein the amino acid linker is in a protected form selected from thegroup consisting of tert-butylcarbonyl-serine-hydroxysuccinimide(Boc-Ser-NHS), tert-butylcarbonyl-aspartic acid (Boc-Asp-OH),tertbutylcarbonyl-glutamic acid (Boc-Glu-OH),fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-serine (Fmoc-Ser),fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-aspartic acid (Fmoc-Asp-OH),fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-glutamic acid (Fmoc-Glu-OH),tert-butylcarbonylcysteine-hydroxysuccinimide (Boc-Cys-NHS),serine-methylester (H-ser-OMe), cysteine-methylester (H-Cys-OMe),aspartic acid-methylester (H-Asp-OMe), glutamic acid-methyl ester(H-Glu-OMe), tert-butylcarbonyl-threoninehydroxysuccinimide(Boc-Thr-NHS), threonine-methylester (H-Thr-OMe),fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-threonine (Fmoc-Thr),tert-butylcarbonyl-tyrosinehydroxysuccinimide (Boc-Tyr-NHS),tert-butylcarbonyl-tyrosine (Boc-Tyr-OH), tyrosine-methylester(H-Tyr-OMe), cysteine-dithiopyridine (Cys-S-STP), andtertbutylcarbonyl-cysteine-dithiopyridine (Boc-Cys-S-STP) when it iscovalently bound to the PAMAM dendrimer prior to attachment of the twodifferent agents.
 41. The composition of claim 37, wherein the polymeris selected from the group consisting of a linear polymer, a branchedpolymer, and a star shaped polymer.
 42. The composition of claim 41,wherein the polymer is a functionalized polyethylene glycol (PEG)polymer.
 43. The composition of claim 42, wherein the functionalizedpolyethylene glycol (PEG) polymer is between 5 kDa and 80 kDa in size,inclusive, preferably between 20 kDa and 40 kDa in size, inclusive. 44.The composition of claim 42, wherein the functionalized polyethyleneglycol (PEG) polymer is selected from the group consisting of8-arm-polyethylene glycol with thiol terminations, methoxy-polyethyleneglycol with thiol termination, and pyridyldithio-propionate polyethyleneglycol-pyridyldithio-propionate.
 45. The composition of claim 36,wherein the PAMAM dendrimer is a Generation 2 or greater PAMAMdendrimer, preferably a G4 PAMAM dendrimer.
 46. The composition of claim37, wherein the one or more spacers are selected from the groupconsisting of maleimide-poly(ethyleneglycol)-maleimide,Succinimidyl-carboxyl-methylester-poly(ethyleneglycol)-succinimidyl-carboxyl-methyl ester,acrylate-poly(ethyleneglycol)-acrylate,ortho-pyridyldisulfide-poly(ethyleneglycol)-ortho-pyridyldisulfide,thiol-poly(ethyleneglycol)-thiol, nitrophenylcarbonate-poly(ethyleneglycol)-nitrophenyl carbonate,isocyanate-poly(ethyleneglycol)-isocyanate, and1,6-hexane-bis-vinylsulfone.
 47. The composition of claim 37, comprisingdrug selected from the group consisting of macrolide antibiotics,tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins, non-steroidalanti-inflammatory, analgesic drugs, corticosteroids antibodies,vitamins, growth factors, neurostimulants, neuroprotectants and apharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 48. The composition of claim47, wherein the drug is selected from the group consisting oferythromycin, azithromycin, rapamycin, clarithromycin, minocycline,doxycycline, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, ofloxacin, gatifloxacin,levofloxacin, norfloxacin, cefuroxime, cefaclor, cephalexin,cephadroxil, cepfodoxime proxetil, N-acetyl cysteine, ibuprofen,aspirin, resolvins, acetaminophen, diclofenac sodium, fluocinoloneacetonide, methylprednisolone, and ranibizumab.
 49. The composition ofclaim 37, comprising imaging agent selected from the group consisting offluorescent dyes, radiolabeled dyes, and magnetic resonance imagingagents.
 50. The composition of claim 36 further comprises apharmaceutically acceptable excipient suitable for intravenous, topical,intravitreal, intramuscular, or subcutaneous administration.
 51. Ahydrogel nanoparticle comprising the composition of claim
 36. 52. Amethod of reducing, or preventing inflammation comprises administeringan effective amount of composition according to claim
 36. 53. The methodof claim 52, wherein the method of reducing, or preventingneuroinflammation and/or inflammation comprises administering aneffective amount of composition according to claim 36 via intraocularinjection into the eye.
 54. The method of claim 52, wherein theinflammation is neuroinflammation, or inflammation of the eye.
 55. Amethod of reducing, or preventing microbial growth in a subject in needthereof comprises administering an effective amount of compositionaccording to claim
 36. 56. The method of claim 55, wherein the method ofreducing, or preventing microbial growth comprises administering via aroute selected from the group consisting of vaginal, cervical, andrectal routes.